05 Fakultät Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/6
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Item Open Access Modeling and experimental investigation of the interaction between pressure-dependent aging and pressure development due to the aging of lithium-ion cells(2023) Avdyli, Arber; Fill, Alexander; Birke, Kai PeterIn order to meet the increasing demands of the battery in terms of range, safety and performance, it is necessary to ensure optimal operation conditions of a lithium-ion cell. In this thesis, the influence of mechanical boundary conditions on the cell is investigated theoretically and experimentally. First, fundamental equations are derived that lead to coupled models that can be parameterized based on specific cell measurements and predict the pressure evolution due to capacity aging and vice versa. The model is used to derive optimal operating points of the cell, which can be considered in the module design.Item Open Access Temperaturbestimmung von Lithium Ionen Zellen mittels künstlicher neuronaler Netze basierend auf Daten der elektrochemischen Impedanzspektroskopie(2025) Ströbel, Marco; Birke, Kai Peter (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Item Open Access Surface charge density and induced currents by self-charging sliding drops(2024) Bista, Pravash; Ratschow, Aaron D.; Stetten, Amy Z.; Butt, Hans-Jürgen; Weber, Stefan A. L.Spontaneous charge separation in drops sliding over a hydrophobized insulator surface is a well-known phenomenon and lots of efforts have been made to utilize this effect for energy harvesting. For maximizing the efficiency of such devices, a comprehensive understanding of the dewetted surface charge would be required to quantitatively predict the electric current signals, in particular for drop sequences. Here, we use a method based on mirror charge detection to locally measure the surface charge density after drops move over a hydrophobic surface. For this purpose, we position a metal electrode beneath the hydrophobic substrate to measure the capacitive current induced by the moving drop. Furthermore, we investigate drop-induced charging on different dielectric surfaces together with the surface neutralization processes. The surface neutralizes over a characteristic time, which is influenced by the substrate and the surrounding environment. We present an analytical model that describes the slide electrification using measurable parameters such as the surface charge density and its neutralization time. Understanding the model parameters and refining them will enable a targeted optimization of the efficiency in solid–liquid charge separation.Item Open Access A comprehensive model and experimental investigation of venting dynamics and mass loss in lithium-ion batteries under a thermal runaway(2025) Chen, Ai; Sahin, Resul; Ströbel, Marco; Kottke, Thomas; Hecker, Stefan; Fill, AlexanderThermal runaway (TR) has become a critical safety concern with the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as an energy storage solution to meet the growing global energy demand. This issue has become a significant barrier to the expansion of LIB technologies. Addressing the urgent need for safer LIBs, this study developed a comprehensive model to simulate TR in cylindrical 18650 nickel cobalt manganese (NMC) LIBs. By incorporating experiments with LG ® -INR18650-MJ1 cells, the model specifically aimed to accurately predict critical TR parameters, including temperature evolution, internal pressure changes, venting phases, and mass loss dynamics. The simulation closely correlated with experimental outcomes, particularly in replicating double venting mechanisms, gas generation, and the characteristics of mass loss observed during TR events. This study confirmed the feasibility of assuming proportional relationships between gas generation and the cell capacity and between the mass loss from solid particle ejection and the total mass loss, thereby simplifying the modeling of both gas generation and mass loss behaviors in LIBs under TR. Conclusively, the findings advanced the understanding of TR mechanisms in LIBs, providing a solid foundation for future research aimed at mitigating risks and promoting the safe integration of LIBs into sustainable energy solutions.Item Open Access Analytic free-energy expression for the 2D-Ising model and perspectives for battery modeling(2023) Markthaler, Daniel; Birke, Kai PeterAlthough originally developed to describe the magnetic behavior of matter, the Ising model represents one of the most widely used physical models, with applications in almost all scientific areas. Even after 100 years, the model still poses challenges and is the subject of active research. In this work, we address the question of whether it is possible to describe the free energy A of a finite-size 2D-Ising model of arbitrary size, based on a couple of analytically solvable 1D-Ising chains. The presented novel approach is based on rigorous statistical-thermodynamic principles and involves modeling the free energy contribution of an added inter-chain bond DAbond(b, N) as function of inverse temperature b and lattice size N. The identified simple analytic expression for DAbond is fitted to exact results of a series of finite-size quadratic N N-systems and enables straightforward and instantaneous calculation of thermodynamic quantities of interest, such as free energy and heat capacity for systems of an arbitrary size. This approach is not only interesting from a fundamental perspective with respect to the possible transfer to a 3D-Ising model, but also from an application-driven viewpoint in the context of (Li-ion) batteries where it could be applied to describe intercalation mechanisms.Item Open Access Exploring different extrapolation approaches for the critical temperature of the 2D-Ising model based on exactly solvable finite-sized lattices(2025) Markthaler, Daniel; Birke, Kai PeterThe fact that the Ising model in higher dimensions than 1D features a phase transition at the critical temperature Tcdespite its apparent simplicity is one of the main reasons why it has lost none of its fascination and remains a central benchmark in modeling physical systems. Building on our previous work, where an approximative analytic free-energy expression for finite 2D-Ising lattices was introduced, we investigate different extrapolation strategies for estimating Tcof the infinite system from exactly solvable small lattices. Finite square lattices of linear dimension N with free and periodic boundary conditions were analyzed, exploiting their exactly accessible density of states to compute the heat capacity profiles C(T). Different approaches were compared, including scaling models for the peak temperature Tmax(N)and an envelope construction across the set of C(T)-profiles. We find that both approaches converge to the same asymptotic value and compare favorably to the established Binder cumulant method. Remarkably, a model for Tmaxwith a single model parameter following an N/(N+1)-law provides robust convergence, with a physical analogy motivating this proportionality. Our findings highlight that surprisingly few, but highly accurate, finite-size results are sufficient to obtain a precise extrapolation.Item Open Access Untersuchung von Parallelschaltungen unterschiedlich gealterter Zellmodule(2024) Kreher, Tina; Birke, Kai Peter (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)In dieser Arbeit wird das Thema „Untersuchung von Parallelschaltungen unterschiedlich gealterter Zellmodule“ im Rahmen von drei Themengebieten betrachtet. Es handelt sich dabei um Untersuchungen an parallelgeschalteten Lithium-Ionen-Zellen oder darauf basierenden Batteriesystemen. Der erste Teil untersucht das Potential die Messzeit zur Messdatenerhebung für die Parametrierung eines Ersatzschaltbildes zu reduzieren. Dafür werden verschiedene Charakterisierungsmethoden angewandt und die daraus erstellten Modelle hinsichtlich Genauigkeit und zeitlichem Messaufwand verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass durch eine geschickte Wahl der Vorgehensweise die benötigte Messzeit und die damit verbundenen Kosten um bis zu 76 % reduziert werden können, ohne einen nennenswerten Nachteil auf die Modellgenauigkeit zu erhalten. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit finden kalendarische und zyklische Alterungstests statt. Anhand der gewonnenen Daten werden Stressfaktoren der Zellalterung identifiziert und quantifiziert. Die Ergebnisse führen starke Alterung auf hohe Temperaturen und Ladezustände sowie große Zyklentiefen zurück. Des Weiteren wird ein Alterungsmodell erstellt, mit welchem die Alterung von Ersatzschaltbildparametern nachgebildet werden kann. Die eigentlichen Untersuchungen zu Parallelschaltungen finden im dritten Teil statt und bauen auf den Ergebnissen aus den ersten beiden Teilen auf. Zunächst wird ein Simulationsmodell aufgebaut und validiert, welches ein Parallelschaltungssystem aus zwei Lithium-Ionen-Zellen darstellt. Im nächsten Schritt erfolgt die Betrachtung einer ungesteuerten Parallelschaltung aus Zellen unterschiedlichen Alterungszustands, bei welcher mit einer inhomogenen Zellstromaufteilung zu rechnen ist. Dabei ist mit zunehmender Alterungsdifferenz der Zellen eine Lastverschiebung hin zur neueren Zelle festzustellen. Bezogen auf die Alterung zeigt sich eine bis zu 1,24-fach stärkere Kapazitätsabnahme und ein 1,33-facher Innenwiderstandsanstieg der neueren Zelle im Vergleich zu einem System mit gleichen Zellzuständen und homogener Stromaufteilung. Als nächstes findet die Ausarbeitung einer Betriebsstrategie für eine gesteuerte Parallelschaltung anhand eines möglichen Anwendungsfalls statt. Dafür wird implementiert, dass ein Parallelbetrieb beider Zellen, wie auch das gezielte Zu- und Wegschalten von einzelnen Strängen im System zulässig ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass so ein sicherer Betrieb von Parallelschaltungen bestehend aus unterschiedlich stark gealterten Zellen möglich ist. Die auf Zellebene gewonnenen Ergebnisse zu Parallelschaltungen werden im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekt auf eine Fahrzeuganwendung mit zwei autarken Batterien unterschiedlichen Alterungszustandes übertragen. Zusammen mit dem Projektpartner erfolgt der Aufbau eines Prototyps, bei welchem der Parallelbetrieb und das gezielte An- und Abkoppeln der Batterien an das Hochvoltsystem möglich ist. Dieser Aufbau dient als Machbarkeitsnachweis für den Parallelbetrieb von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen und Batterien mit unterschiedlichen Alterungszuständen.Item Open Access A high frequency alternating current heater using the advantages of a damped oscillation circuit for low voltage Li-ion batteries(2024) Oehl, Joachim; Gleiter, Andreas; Manka, Daniel; Fill, Alexander; Birke, Kai PeterIn many cases, batteries used in light e-mobility vehicles such as e-bikes and e-scooters do not have an active thermal management system. This poses a challenge when these batteries are stored in sub-zero temperatures and need to be charged. In such cases, it becomes necessary to move the batteries to a warmer location and allow them to acclimatize before charging. However, this is not always feasible, especially for batteries installed permanently in vehicles. In this work, we present an internal high-frequency AC heater for a 48 V battery, which is used for light electric vehicles of EU vehicle classes L1e and L3e-A1 for a power supply of up to 11 kW. We have taken advantage of the features of a damped oscillating circuit to improve the performance of the heater. Additionally, only a small inductor was added to the main current path through a cable with three windings. Furthermore, as the power electronics of the heater is part of the battery main switch, fewer additional parts inside the battery are required and therefore a cost and space reduction compared to other heaters is possible. For the chosen setup we reached a heating rate of up to 2.13 K min -1 and it was possible to raise the battery temperature from -10 °C to 10 °C using only 3.1% of its own usable capacity.Item Open Access Closing the carbon cycle in plasma‐based CO2 splitting : a techno‐economic perspective(2025) Kaufmann, Samuel Jaro; Rößner, Paul; Birke, Kai PeterThis techno‐economic analysis examines the impact of CO₂ capture energy and capital costs on plasma‐based power‐to‐liquid (PtL) systems, identifying strategies to minimize the net production costs (NPC) for synthetic fuels. Three future development scenarios were defined. One, focusing on high efficiencies, reaches NPC of 2.9 EUR L-1 of marine diesel. The approach of prioritizing high CO2 conversion results in costs of 3.7 EUR L-1. A more balanced approach between efficiency and conversion achieves an NPC of 2.6 EUR L-1. Further NPC reductions are possible by sourcing lower‐cost renewable electricity, reducing the NPC further to a minimum of 1.6 EUR L-1. These findings underscore that direct air capture (DAC) cost‐efficiency and process integration improvements are essential for scalable, economically viable CO₂ utilization in PtL processes.Item Open Access Comparison of aqueous- and non-aqueous-based binder polymers and the mixing ratios for Zn//MnO2 batteries with mildly acidic aqueous electrolytes(2021) Fitz, Oliver; Ingenhoven, Stefan; Bischoff, Christian; Gentischer, Harald; Birke, Kai Peter; Saracsan, Dragos; Biro, DanielConsidering the literature for aqueous rechargeable Zn//MnO2 batteries with acidic electrolytes using the doctor blade coating of the active material (AM), carbon black (CB), and binder polymer (BP) for the positive electrode fabrication, different binder types with (non-)aqueous solvents were introduced so far. Furthermore, in most of the cases, relatively high passive material (CB+BP) shares ~30 wt% were applied. The first part of this work focuses on different selected BPs: polyacrylonitrile (PAN), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), cellulose acetate (CA), and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). They were used together with (non-)aqueous solvents: DI-water, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). By performing mechanical, electrochemical and optical characterizations, a better overall performance of the BPs using aqueous solvents was found in aqueous 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.1 M MnSO4 electrolyte (i.e., BP LA133: 150 mAh·g-1 and 189 mWh·g-1 @ 160 mA·g-1). The second part focuses on the mixing ratio of the electrode components, aiming at the decrease of the commonly used passive material share of ~30 wt% for an industrial-oriented electrode fabrication, while still maintaining the electrochemical performance. Here, the absolute CB share and the CB/BP ratio are found to be important parameters for an application-oriented electrode fabrication (i.e., high energy/power applications).