05 Fakultät Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/6
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Item Open Access Analytic free-energy expression for the 2D-Ising model and perspectives for battery modeling(2023) Markthaler, Daniel; Birke, Kai PeterAlthough originally developed to describe the magnetic behavior of matter, the Ising model represents one of the most widely used physical models, with applications in almost all scientific areas. Even after 100 years, the model still poses challenges and is the subject of active research. In this work, we address the question of whether it is possible to describe the free energy A of a finite-size 2D-Ising model of arbitrary size, based on a couple of analytically solvable 1D-Ising chains. The presented novel approach is based on rigorous statistical-thermodynamic principles and involves modeling the free energy contribution of an added inter-chain bond DAbond(b, N) as function of inverse temperature b and lattice size N. The identified simple analytic expression for DAbond is fitted to exact results of a series of finite-size quadratic N N-systems and enables straightforward and instantaneous calculation of thermodynamic quantities of interest, such as free energy and heat capacity for systems of an arbitrary size. This approach is not only interesting from a fundamental perspective with respect to the possible transfer to a 3D-Ising model, but also from an application-driven viewpoint in the context of (Li-ion) batteries where it could be applied to describe intercalation mechanisms.Item Open Access Additively manufactured transverse flux machine components with integrated slits for loss reduction(2022) Kresse, Thomas; Schurr, Julian; Lanz, Maximilian; Kunert, Torsten; Schmid, Martin; Parspour, Nejila; Schneider, Gerhard; Goll, DagmarLaser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was used to produce stator half-shells of a transverse flux machine from pure iron (99.9% Fe). In order to reduce iron losses in the bulk components, radially extending slits with a nominal width of 150 and 300 µm, respectively, were integrated during manufacturing. The components were subjected to a suitable heat treatment. In addition to a microscopic examination of the slit quality, the iron losses were also measured using both a commercial and a self-developed measurement setup. The investigations showed the iron losses can be reduced by up to 49% due to the integrated slits and the heat treatment.Item Open Access Effiziente Leistungsverstärkerarchitekturen für Mobilfunkbasisstationen(2009) Dettmann, Ingo; Berroth, Manfred (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Heutige Kommunikationsstandards erfordern Modulationsverfahren, welche die Information sowohl in der Phase als auch in der Amplitude des Trägers modulieren. Die daraus resultierenden Signale weisen hohe Amplitudenschwankungen auf. Die dafür notwendigen linearen Leistungsverstärker zeigen jedoch geringe Effizienzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zunächst die Anforderungen an Leistungsverstärker diskutiert und der Einfluss der Modulations- und Zugriffsverfahren untersucht. Anschließend werden die Anforderungen an den Transistor definiert und die Anforderungen an die Technologie formuliert. Es folgt eine Untersuchung der Betriebsarten von Verstärkern, welche die Grundlage für effizienzsteigernde Verstärkerarchitekturen bilden. Lineare Verstärker wie Klasse-A-, -AB- und -B-Verstärker zeigen eine hohe Linearität, die Effizienz fällt aber unterhalb der maximalen Ausgangsleistung schnell ab. Schaltverstärker wie Klasse-D- und -E-Verstärker sind zwar sehr effizient, können aber keine amplitudenmodulierten Signale verstärken. Es werden vier Methoden diskutiert, um die Effizienz unterhalb der maximalen Ausgangsleistung zu erhöhen: Der Doherty-Verstärker, der Chireix-Verstärker, die Versorgungsspannungsmodulation und der Bandpass-Klasse-S-Verstärker. Der Doherty-Verstärker bietet eine einfache Möglichkeit, die Effizienz auch unterhalb der maximalen Ausgangsleistung zu erhöhen. Das Prinzip beruht auf der Variation der Lastimpedanzen. Zwei Verstärker - ein Hauptverstärker und ein Spitzenverstärker - treiben dabei den gleichen Lastwiderstand. Der Spitzenverstärker wird nur bei hohen Ausgangsleistungen eingeschaltet und verändert das Kompressionsverhalten des Hauptverstärkers. Beim entworfenen Doherty-Verstärker erhöht sich die Effizienz 7 dB unterhalb der maximalen Ausgangsleistung von 15 % auf etwas über 27 %. Die maximale Ausgangsleistung reduziert sich allerdings von 85 W auf 56 W. Durch eine adaptive Arbeitspunktregelung des Spitzenverstärkers kann die Ausgangsleistung wieder auf 85 W erhöht werden. Die Effizienz steigt dabei nochmals um 5 % auf 32 %. Der Chireix-Verstärker basiert auf dem Prinzip der linearen Verstärkung durch nichtlineare Komponenten. Das zu verstärkende amplituden- und phasenmodulierte Signal wird durch einen Phasenmodulator in zwei gegenphasige Signale mit konstanter Amplitude aufgeteilt. Diese beiden Signale werden über hocheffiziente Verstärker verstärkt. Das ursprüngliche Signal wird durch Summation der beiden Signale wieder demoduliert. Eine Effizienzsteigerung erfolgt unter Verwendung von nichtisolierenden Summierern. Die Effizienzsteigerung beruht dabei auf der Variation der Lastgeraden. Der aufgebaute Chireix-Verstärker basiert auf dem GaAs-Transistor MRFG35010 von Freescale. Die Einzelverstärker werden im Klasse-B-Betrieb betrieben und haben eine maximale Ausgangsleistung von 5 W bei einer Frequenz von 2 GHz. Die Gesamtleistung ergibt sich damit zu 10 W. Die Effizienz beträgt maximal 52 %. Die Effizienz beim Chireix-Verstärker erhöht sich 7 dB unter der maximalen Ausgangsleistung von 25 % auf 32 % und bei 5 dB unter der maximalen Ausgangsleistung von 33 % auf 44 %. Die Versorgungsspannungsmodulation variiert die Drain- bzw. Kollektorspannung eines Verstärkers in Abhängigkeit der Aussteuerung des Transistors. Es ist das einzige untersuchte Verstärkerkonzept, welches mit allen Verstärkerklassen funktioniert. Es ist auch das einzige Konzept, welches die Bandbreite des HF-Verstärkers nicht einschränkt, solange der erforderliche Spannungsmodulator der Einhüllenden des HF-Signals folgen kann. Die Effizienz berechnet sich aus der Verkettung der Effizienzen des HF-Verstärkers und des Spannungsmodulators. Ein Verstärker auf Basis des GaAs-Transistors MRFG350101 wurde aufgebaut, dessen Versorgungsspannung über einen Klasse-AD-Verstärker geregelt wird. Die maximale Ausgangsleistung des Verstärkers beträgt 6.3 W bei einer Effizienz von 67 %. Die Versorgungsspannung wird im Bereich von 6 V - 12 V geregelt. Die Effizienz 7 dB unter der maximalen Ausgangsleistung steigt dabei von 30 % auf 44 %. Die Bandbreite des Modulators ist dabei größer als 3 MHz. Bandpass-Klasse-S-Verstärker verwenden Schaltverstärker, um ein analoges Signal hocheffizient zu verstärken. Das analoge Eingangssignal wird über einen Modulator in eine binäre Pulsfolge gewandelt, welche über einen Schaltverstärker effizient verstärkt wird. Anschließend wird das verstärkte Signal wieder demoduliert. Bandpass-Delta-Sigma-Modulatoren (BPDSM) stellen ein vielversprechendes Modulationsverfahren dar. Als Schaltverstärker können sowohl Klasse-D- Verstärker verwendet werden. Erstmals werden in dieser Arbeit analytische Untersuchungen zur Effizienz von sowohl nichtinvertierten als auch invertierten Klasse-D-Verstärkern bei Ansteuerung mit BPDSM-Signalen durchgeführt. Dies erlaubt eine Abschätzung der Effizienz von Bandpass-Klasse-S-Verstärkern unter Verwendung von Klasse-D-Verstärkern.Item Open Access Top‐down approach to study chemical and electronic properties of perovskite solar cells : sputtered depth profiling versus tapered cross‐sectional photoelectron spectroscopies(2021) Das, Chittaranjan; Zia, Waqas; Mortan, Claudiu; Hussain, Navid; Saliba, Michael; Ingo Flege, Jan; Kot, MałgorzataA study of the chemical and electronic properties of various layers across perovskite solar cell (PSC) stacks is challenging. Depth‐profiling photoemission spectroscopy can be used to study the surface, interface, and bulk properties of different layers in PSCs, which influence the overall performance of these devices. Herein, sputter depth profiling (SDP) and tapered cross‐sectional (TCS) photoelectron spectroscopies (PESs) are used to study highly efficient mixed halide PSCs. It is found that the most used SDP‐PES technique degrades the organic and deforms the inorganic materials during sputtering of the PSCs while the TCS‐PES method is less destructive and can determine the chemical and electronic properties of all layers precisely. The SDP‐PES dissociates the chemical bonding in the spiro‐MeOTAD and perovskite layer and reduces the TiO2, which causes the chemical analysis to be unreliable. The TCS‐PES revealed a band bending only at the spiro‐MeOTAD/perovskite interface of about 0.7 eV. Both the TCS and SDP‐PES show that the perovskite layer is inhomogeneous and has a higher amount of bromine at the perovskite/TiO2 interface.Item Open Access A bidirectional wireless power transfer system with integrated near-field communication for e-vehicles(2024) Ye, Weizhou; Parspour, NejilaThis paper presents the design of a bidirectional wireless power and information transfer system. The wireless information transfer is based on near-field technology, utilizing communication coils integrated into power transfer coils. Compared with conventional far-field-based communication methods (e.g., Bluetooth and WLAN), the proposed near-field-based communication method provides a peer-to-peer feature, as well as lower latency, which enables the simple paring of a transmitter and a receiver for power transfer and the real-time updating of control parameters. Using the established communication, control parameters are transmitted from one side of the system to another side, and the co-control of the inverter and the active rectifier is realized. In addition, this work innovatively presents the communication-signal-based synchronization of an inverter and a rectifier, which requires no AC current sensing in the power path and no complex algorithm for stabilization, unlike conventional current-based synchronization methods. The proposed information and power transfer system was measured under different operating conditions, including aligned and misaligned positions, operating points with different charging powers, and forward and reverse power transfer. The results show that the presented prototype allows a bidirectional power transfer of up to 1.2 kW, and efficiency above 90% for the power ranges from 0.6 kW to 1.2 kW was obtained. Furthermore, the integrated communication is robust to the crosstalk from the power transfer and misalignment, and a zero BER (bit error rate) and ultra-low latency of 15.36 µs are achieved. The presented work thus provides a novel solution to the synchronization and real-time co-control of an active rectifier and an inverter in a wireless power transfer system, utilizing integrated near-field-based communication.Item Open Access Deep learning based prediction and visual analytics for temporal environmental data(2022) Harbola, Shubhi; Coors, Volker (Prof. Dr.)The objective of this thesis is to focus on developing Machine Learning methods and their visualisation for environmental data. The presented approaches primarily focus on devising an accurate Machine Learning framework that supports the user in understanding and comparing the model accuracy in relation to essential aspects of the respective parameter selection, trends, time frame, and correlating together with considered meteorological and pollution parameters. Later, this thesis develops approaches for the interactive visualisation of environmental data that are wrapped over the time series prediction as an application. Moreover, these approaches provide an interactive application that supports: 1. a Visual Analytics platform to interact with the sensors data and enhance the representation of the environmental data visually by identifying patterns that mostly go unnoticed in large temporal datasets, 2. a seasonality deduction platform presenting analyses of the results that clearly demonstrate the relationship between these parameters in a combined temporal activities frame, and 3. air quality analyses that successfully discovers spatio-temporal relationships among complex air quality data interactively in different time frames by harnessing the user’s knowledge of factors influencing the past, present, and future behaviour with Machine Learning models' aid. Some of the above pieces of work contribute to the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence which is an area concerned with the development of methods that help understand, explain and interpret Machine Learning algorithms. In summary, this thesis describes Machine Learning prediction algorithms together with several visualisation approaches for visually analysing the temporal relationships among complex environmental data in different time frames interactively in a robust web platform. The developed interactive visualisation system for environmental data assimilates visual prediction, sensors’ spatial locations, measurements of the parameters, detailed patterns analyses, and change in conditions over time. This provides a new combined approach to the existing visual analytics research. The algorithms developed in this thesis can be used to infer spatio-temporal environmental data, enabling the interactive exploration processes, thus helping manage the cities smartly.Item Open Access Efficient modeling and computation methods for robust AMS system design(2018) Gil, Leandro; Radetzki, Martin (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)This dissertation copes with the challenge regarding the development of model based design tools that better support the mixed analog and digital parts design of embedded systems. It focuses on the conception of efficient modeling and simulation methods that adequately support emerging system level design methodologies. Starting with a deep analysis of the design activities, many weak points of today’s system level design tools were captured. After considering the modeling and simulation of power electronic circuits for designing low energy embedded systems, a novel signal model that efficiently captures the dynamic behavior of analog and digital circuits is proposed and utilized for the development of computation methods that enable the fast and accurate system level simulation of AMS systems. In order to support a stepwise system design refinement which is based on the essential system properties, behavior computation methods for linear and nonlinear analog circuits based on the novel signal model are presented and compared regarding the performance, accuracy and stability with existing numerical and analytical methods for circuit simulation. The novel signal model in combination with the method proposed to efficiently cope with the interaction of analog and digital circuits as well as the new method for digital circuit simulation are the key contributions of this dissertation because they allow the concurrent state and event based simulation of analog and digital circuits. Using a synchronous data flow model of computation for scheduling the execution of the analog and digital model parts, very fast AMS system simulations are carried out. As the best behavior abstraction for analog and digital circuits may be selected without the need of changing component interfaces, the implementation, validation and verification of AMS systems take advantage of the novel mixed signal representation. Changes on the modeling abstraction level do not affect the experiment setup. The second part of this work deals with the robust design of AMS systems and its verification. After defining a mixed sensitivity based robustness evaluation index for AMS control systems, a general robust design method leading to optimal controller tuning is presented. To avoid over-conservative AMS system designs, the proposed robust design optimization method considers parametric uncertainty and nonlinear model characteristics. The system properties in the frequency domain needed to evaluate the system robustness during parameter optimization are obtained from the proposed signal model. Further advantages of the presented signal model for the computation of control system performance evaluation indexes in the time domain are also investigated in combination with range arithmetic. A novel approach for capturing parameter correlations in range arithmetic based circuit behavior computation is proposed as a step towards a holistic modeling method for the robust design of AMS systems. The several modeling and computation methods proposed to improve the support of design methodologies and tools for AMS system are validated and evaluated in the course of this dissertation considering many aspects of the modeling, simulation, design and verification of a low power embedded system implementing Adaptive Voltage and Frequency Scaling (AVFS) for energy saving.Item Open Access Maschinelles Lernen für intelligente Automatisierungssysteme mit dezentraler Datenhaltung am Anwendungsfall Predictive Maintenance(2019) Maschler, Benjamin; Jazdi, Nasser; Weyrich, MichaelFür eine hohe Ergebnisqualität sind Machine Learning Algorithmen auf eine breite Datenbasis angewiesen. Studien zeigen jedoch, dass viele Unternehmen nicht bereit sind, ihre Daten mit anderen Unternehmen, beispielsweise in Form einer gemeinsamen Daten-Cloud, zu teilen. Ziel sollte es daher sein, effizientes maschinelles Lernen mit einer dezentralen Datenhaltung, die den Verbleib vertraulicher Daten im jeweiligen Ursprungs-Unternehmen ermöglicht, zu ermöglichen. In diesem Artikel wird diesbezüglich ein neuartiges Konzept vorgestellt und hinsichtlich seiner Potentiale für intelligente Automatisierungssysteme am Beispiel des Anwendungsfalls Predictive Maintenance analysiert. Die Umsetzbarkeit des Konzepts unter Nutzung verschiedener bestehender Ansätze wird diskutiert, bevor schließlich auf potentielle Mehrwerte für Anlagenbetreiber sowie -hersteller unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Perspektive kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen eingegangen wird.Item Open Access Cycling of double-layered graphite anodes in pouch-cells(2022) Müller, Daniel; Fill, Alexander; Birke, Kai PeterIncremental improvement to the current state-of-the-art lithium-ion technology, for example regarding the physical or electrochemical design, can bridge the gap until the next generation of cells are ready to take Li-ions place. Previously designed two-layered porosity-graded graphite anodes, together with LixNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathodes, were analysed in small pouch-cells with a capacity of around 1 Ah. For comparison, custom-made reference cells with the average properties of two-layered anodes were tested. Ten cells of each type were examined in total. Each cell pair, consisting of one double-layer and one single-layer (reference) cell, underwent the same test procedure. Besides regular charge and discharge cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, incremental capacity analysis, differential voltage analysis and current-pulse measurement are used to identify the differences in ageing behaviour between the two cell types. The results show similar behaviour and properties at beginning-of-life, but an astonishing improvement in capacity retention for the double-layer cells regardless of the cycling conditions. Additionally, the lifetime of the single-layer cells was strongly influenced by the cycling conditions, and the double-layer cells showed less difference in ageing behaviour.Item Open Access Improving the accuracy of musculotendon models for the simulation of active lengthening(2023) Millard, Matthew; Kempter, Fabian; Stutzig, Norman; Siebert, Tobias; Fehr, JörgVehicle accidents can cause neck injuries which are costly for individuals and society. Safety systems could be designed to reduce the risk of neck injury if it were possible to accurately simulate the tissue-level injuries that later lead to chronic pain. During a crash, reflexes cause the muscles of the neck to be actively lengthened. Although the muscles of the neck are often only mildly injured, the forces developed by the neck’s musculature affect the tissues that are more severely injured. In this work, we compare the forces developed by MAT_156, LS-DYNA’s Hill-type model, and the newly proposed VEXAT muscle model during active lengthening. The results show that Hill-type muscle models underestimate forces developed during active lengthening, while the VEXAT model can more faithfully reproduce experimental measurements.