05 Fakultät Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/6
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Item Open Access Modeling and experimental investigation of the interaction between pressure-dependent aging and pressure development due to the aging of lithium-ion cells(2023) Avdyli, Arber; Fill, Alexander; Birke, Kai PeterIn order to meet the increasing demands of the battery in terms of range, safety and performance, it is necessary to ensure optimal operation conditions of a lithium-ion cell. In this thesis, the influence of mechanical boundary conditions on the cell is investigated theoretically and experimentally. First, fundamental equations are derived that lead to coupled models that can be parameterized based on specific cell measurements and predict the pressure evolution due to capacity aging and vice versa. The model is used to derive optimal operating points of the cell, which can be considered in the module design.Item Open Access A dual‐layered anode buffer layer structure for all solid‐state batteries(2024) Lu, Yushi; Chang, Hansen Michael; Birke, Kai PeterOver the past few decades, lithium‐ion batteries have garnered considerable attention, especially for their use in electric vehicles (EVs). In recent years, solid‐state batteries have become increasingly popular due to their excellent safety features and potential for high energy density. However, solid‐state batteries with lithium metal anodes present challenges in terms of electrochemical reactivity and cost. To address these challenges, alternative anode systems such as the “anode‐free” approach are being explored. In this study, we introduced a dual‐layered anode comprising a primary layer of physically vapor‐deposited zinc and a secondary layer of carbon black, focusing on investigating the influence of varying thicknesses of the lithiophilic zinc layer on cell cycling performance. Among the three different zinc thicknesses chosen for this purpose - categorized as thin (286 nm), medium (1.802 μm), and thick (6.519 μm) - the dual‐layered anode buffer layer was analyzed in a single‐layer full pouch cell. An in‐depth investigation into the lithium‐zinc alloying behavior was conducted through post‐mortem analysis. From the results, we found that the combination of the zinc layer with the carbon black layer improved cell cycling performance in terms of discharge capacity retention compared to a single layer of either zinc or carbon black. The cycling performance of this dual‐layered anode could be further enhanced by optimizing the zinc layer thickness, likely due to the irreversible alloying step of zinc and lithium. Among the various thicknesses evaluated, the thin zinc layer (286 nm) combined with the carbon black layer demonstrated the most promising cycling performance in all solid‐state batteries.Item Open Access Surface charge density and induced currents by self-charging sliding drops(2024) Bista, Pravash; Ratschow, Aaron D.; Stetten, Amy Z.; Butt, Hans-Jürgen; Weber, Stefan A. L.Spontaneous charge separation in drops sliding over a hydrophobized insulator surface is a well-known phenomenon and lots of efforts have been made to utilize this effect for energy harvesting. For maximizing the efficiency of such devices, a comprehensive understanding of the dewetted surface charge would be required to quantitatively predict the electric current signals, in particular for drop sequences. Here, we use a method based on mirror charge detection to locally measure the surface charge density after drops move over a hydrophobic surface. For this purpose, we position a metal electrode beneath the hydrophobic substrate to measure the capacitive current induced by the moving drop. Furthermore, we investigate drop-induced charging on different dielectric surfaces together with the surface neutralization processes. The surface neutralizes over a characteristic time, which is influenced by the substrate and the surrounding environment. We present an analytical model that describes the slide electrification using measurable parameters such as the surface charge density and its neutralization time. Understanding the model parameters and refining them will enable a targeted optimization of the efficiency in solid–liquid charge separation.Item Open Access Analytic free-energy expression for the 2D-Ising model and perspectives for battery modeling(2023) Markthaler, Daniel; Birke, Kai PeterAlthough originally developed to describe the magnetic behavior of matter, the Ising model represents one of the most widely used physical models, with applications in almost all scientific areas. Even after 100 years, the model still poses challenges and is the subject of active research. In this work, we address the question of whether it is possible to describe the free energy A of a finite-size 2D-Ising model of arbitrary size, based on a couple of analytically solvable 1D-Ising chains. The presented novel approach is based on rigorous statistical-thermodynamic principles and involves modeling the free energy contribution of an added inter-chain bond DAbond(b, N) as function of inverse temperature b and lattice size N. The identified simple analytic expression for DAbond is fitted to exact results of a series of finite-size quadratic N N-systems and enables straightforward and instantaneous calculation of thermodynamic quantities of interest, such as free energy and heat capacity for systems of an arbitrary size. This approach is not only interesting from a fundamental perspective with respect to the possible transfer to a 3D-Ising model, but also from an application-driven viewpoint in the context of (Li-ion) batteries where it could be applied to describe intercalation mechanisms.Item Open Access Influence of temperature and electrolyte composition on the performance of lithium metal anodes(2021) Boroujeni, Sanaz Momeni; Fill, Alexander; Ridder, Alexander; Birke, Kai PeterLithium metal anodes have again attracted widespread attention due to the continuously growing demand of cells with higher energy density. However, the lithium deposition mechanism and the affecting process of influencing factors, such as temperature, cycling current density, and electrolyte composition are not fully understood and require further investigation. In this article, the behavior of lithium metal anode at different temperatures (25, 40, and 60 ∘C), lithium salts, electrolyte concentrations (1 and 2 M), and the applied cell current (equivalent to 0.5 C, 1 C, and 2 C). is investigated. Two different salts were evaluated: lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesul-fonyl)imide (LiTFSI). The cells at a medium temperature (40 ∘C) show the highest Coulombic efficiency (CE). However, shorter cycle life is observed compared to the experiments at room temperature (25 ∘C). Regardless of electrolyte type and C-rate, the higher temperature of 60 ∘C provides the worst Coulombic efficiency and cycle life among those at the examined temperatures. A higher C-rate has a positive effect on the stability over the cycle life of the lithium cells. The best performance in terms of long cycle life and relatively good Coulombic efficiency is achieved by fast charging the cell with high concentration LiFSI in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolyte at a temperature of 25 ∘C. The cell has an average Coulombic efficiency of 0.987 over 223 cycles. In addition to galvanostatic experiments, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to study the evolution of the interface under different conditions during cycling.Item Open Access Top‐down approach to study chemical and electronic properties of perovskite solar cells : sputtered depth profiling versus tapered cross‐sectional photoelectron spectroscopies(2021) Das, Chittaranjan; Zia, Waqas; Mortan, Claudiu; Hussain, Navid; Saliba, Michael; Ingo Flege, Jan; Kot, MałgorzataA study of the chemical and electronic properties of various layers across perovskite solar cell (PSC) stacks is challenging. Depth‐profiling photoemission spectroscopy can be used to study the surface, interface, and bulk properties of different layers in PSCs, which influence the overall performance of these devices. Herein, sputter depth profiling (SDP) and tapered cross‐sectional (TCS) photoelectron spectroscopies (PESs) are used to study highly efficient mixed halide PSCs. It is found that the most used SDP‐PES technique degrades the organic and deforms the inorganic materials during sputtering of the PSCs while the TCS‐PES method is less destructive and can determine the chemical and electronic properties of all layers precisely. The SDP‐PES dissociates the chemical bonding in the spiro‐MeOTAD and perovskite layer and reduces the TiO2, which causes the chemical analysis to be unreliable. The TCS‐PES revealed a band bending only at the spiro‐MeOTAD/perovskite interface of about 0.7 eV. Both the TCS and SDP‐PES show that the perovskite layer is inhomogeneous and has a higher amount of bromine at the perovskite/TiO2 interface.Item Open Access Laser doping for silicon solar cells : modeling and application(2024) Hassan, Mohamed; Werner, Jürgen H. (Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil.)In meiner Dissertation geht es um die Simulation des Laserdotierungsprozess der Oberfläche des Siliziumwafers um hoch effizienten Solarzellen herzustellen. Die Simulation ermöglicht die genaue Vorhersage der Dimensionen eines dotierten Bereiches. Das hat ermöglicht, nicht nur die Abhängigkeit des ergebenden Schichtleitwerts von der benutzten Rastergeschwindigkeit des Laserstrahls auf die Siliziumoberfläche zu verstehen, sondern auch der Schichtleitwert einer laserdotierten Schicht basierend auf ein einfaches geometrisches Modell vorherzusagen.Item Open Access Untersuchung von Parallelschaltungen unterschiedlich gealterter Zellmodule(2024) Kreher, Tina; Birke, Kai Peter (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)In dieser Arbeit wird das Thema „Untersuchung von Parallelschaltungen unterschiedlich gealterter Zellmodule“ im Rahmen von drei Themengebieten betrachtet. Es handelt sich dabei um Untersuchungen an parallelgeschalteten Lithium-Ionen-Zellen oder darauf basierenden Batteriesystemen. Der erste Teil untersucht das Potential die Messzeit zur Messdatenerhebung für die Parametrierung eines Ersatzschaltbildes zu reduzieren. Dafür werden verschiedene Charakterisierungsmethoden angewandt und die daraus erstellten Modelle hinsichtlich Genauigkeit und zeitlichem Messaufwand verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass durch eine geschickte Wahl der Vorgehensweise die benötigte Messzeit und die damit verbundenen Kosten um bis zu 76 % reduziert werden können, ohne einen nennenswerten Nachteil auf die Modellgenauigkeit zu erhalten. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit finden kalendarische und zyklische Alterungstests statt. Anhand der gewonnenen Daten werden Stressfaktoren der Zellalterung identifiziert und quantifiziert. Die Ergebnisse führen starke Alterung auf hohe Temperaturen und Ladezustände sowie große Zyklentiefen zurück. Des Weiteren wird ein Alterungsmodell erstellt, mit welchem die Alterung von Ersatzschaltbildparametern nachgebildet werden kann. Die eigentlichen Untersuchungen zu Parallelschaltungen finden im dritten Teil statt und bauen auf den Ergebnissen aus den ersten beiden Teilen auf. Zunächst wird ein Simulationsmodell aufgebaut und validiert, welches ein Parallelschaltungssystem aus zwei Lithium-Ionen-Zellen darstellt. Im nächsten Schritt erfolgt die Betrachtung einer ungesteuerten Parallelschaltung aus Zellen unterschiedlichen Alterungszustands, bei welcher mit einer inhomogenen Zellstromaufteilung zu rechnen ist. Dabei ist mit zunehmender Alterungsdifferenz der Zellen eine Lastverschiebung hin zur neueren Zelle festzustellen. Bezogen auf die Alterung zeigt sich eine bis zu 1,24-fach stärkere Kapazitätsabnahme und ein 1,33-facher Innenwiderstandsanstieg der neueren Zelle im Vergleich zu einem System mit gleichen Zellzuständen und homogener Stromaufteilung. Als nächstes findet die Ausarbeitung einer Betriebsstrategie für eine gesteuerte Parallelschaltung anhand eines möglichen Anwendungsfalls statt. Dafür wird implementiert, dass ein Parallelbetrieb beider Zellen, wie auch das gezielte Zu- und Wegschalten von einzelnen Strängen im System zulässig ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass so ein sicherer Betrieb von Parallelschaltungen bestehend aus unterschiedlich stark gealterten Zellen möglich ist. Die auf Zellebene gewonnenen Ergebnisse zu Parallelschaltungen werden im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekt auf eine Fahrzeuganwendung mit zwei autarken Batterien unterschiedlichen Alterungszustandes übertragen. Zusammen mit dem Projektpartner erfolgt der Aufbau eines Prototyps, bei welchem der Parallelbetrieb und das gezielte An- und Abkoppeln der Batterien an das Hochvoltsystem möglich ist. Dieser Aufbau dient als Machbarkeitsnachweis für den Parallelbetrieb von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen und Batterien mit unterschiedlichen Alterungszuständen.Item Open Access A high frequency alternating current heater using the advantages of a damped oscillation circuit for low voltage Li-ion batteries(2024) Oehl, Joachim; Gleiter, Andreas; Manka, Daniel; Fill, Alexander; Birke, Kai PeterIn many cases, batteries used in light e-mobility vehicles such as e-bikes and e-scooters do not have an active thermal management system. This poses a challenge when these batteries are stored in sub-zero temperatures and need to be charged. In such cases, it becomes necessary to move the batteries to a warmer location and allow them to acclimatize before charging. However, this is not always feasible, especially for batteries installed permanently in vehicles. In this work, we present an internal high-frequency AC heater for a 48 V battery, which is used for light electric vehicles of EU vehicle classes L1e and L3e-A1 for a power supply of up to 11 kW. We have taken advantage of the features of a damped oscillating circuit to improve the performance of the heater. Additionally, only a small inductor was added to the main current path through a cable with three windings. Furthermore, as the power electronics of the heater is part of the battery main switch, fewer additional parts inside the battery are required and therefore a cost and space reduction compared to other heaters is possible. For the chosen setup we reached a heating rate of up to 2.13 K min -1 and it was possible to raise the battery temperature from -10 °C to 10 °C using only 3.1% of its own usable capacity.Item Open Access Comparison of aqueous- and non-aqueous-based binder polymers and the mixing ratios for Zn//MnO2 batteries with mildly acidic aqueous electrolytes(2021) Fitz, Oliver; Ingenhoven, Stefan; Bischoff, Christian; Gentischer, Harald; Birke, Kai Peter; Saracsan, Dragos; Biro, DanielConsidering the literature for aqueous rechargeable Zn//MnO2 batteries with acidic electrolytes using the doctor blade coating of the active material (AM), carbon black (CB), and binder polymer (BP) for the positive electrode fabrication, different binder types with (non-)aqueous solvents were introduced so far. Furthermore, in most of the cases, relatively high passive material (CB+BP) shares ~30 wt% were applied. The first part of this work focuses on different selected BPs: polyacrylonitrile (PAN), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), cellulose acetate (CA), and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). They were used together with (non-)aqueous solvents: DI-water, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). By performing mechanical, electrochemical and optical characterizations, a better overall performance of the BPs using aqueous solvents was found in aqueous 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.1 M MnSO4 electrolyte (i.e., BP LA133: 150 mAh·g-1 and 189 mWh·g-1 @ 160 mA·g-1). The second part focuses on the mixing ratio of the electrode components, aiming at the decrease of the commonly used passive material share of ~30 wt% for an industrial-oriented electrode fabrication, while still maintaining the electrochemical performance. Here, the absolute CB share and the CB/BP ratio are found to be important parameters for an application-oriented electrode fabrication (i.e., high energy/power applications).