06 Fakultät Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik und Geodäsie
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/7
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Item Open Access Water level monitoring at SAPOS stations through GNSS-IR : a case study at the station Iffezheim(2023) Wagner, Sven B.The German SAPOS-Network comprises approximately 270 permanent GNSS receivers, capturing signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. Primarily employed for generating kinematic, mathematical, and physical models within their respective regions, these receivers hold untapped potential for alternative applications. GNSS receivers capture multipath errors, typically considered unwanted interferences resulting from signal reflections off surfaces beneath the antenna. Despite their potential to adversely affect data precision, these interferences contain valuable information about the reflecting surface. As satellites pass through the receivers’ field of view at specific elevation angles, the interference between the direct and reflected signals leads to constructive and destructive patterns. This phenomenon occurs due to variations in signal phase between the direct and reflected signal, enhancing or dampening the signal strength. These variations in signal strength are captured in the satellites Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) data. Spectral analysis of the SNR data can be used to determine the frequency of the interference pattern. Combining this frequency with the corresponding signal wavelength and satellite elevation angles allows the calculation of the vertical distance between the antenna phase centre and the reflecting surface on Earth. This method, known as GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR), provides a valuable means of monitoring surface information, including soil moisture, snow depth, and water levels. At SAPOS stations near rivers and water bodies, GNSS-IR offers a cost-effective, accessible, and innovative opportunity to gather water level information using the already existing infrastructure. This research explores the potential of GNSSIR for water level monitoring at SAPOS stations focusing on the Iffezheim station along the Rhine River near the City of Karlsruhe in southern Germany.Item Open Access A MATLAB toolbox for the Scintrex CG-5 gravimeter at GIS(2017) Gu, SiyunThis thesis is about a MATLAB toolbox for the Scintrex CG-5 gravimeter. The aim of this toolbox is to offer a basic data process for gravity measurement, which is compatible for most applications in geodesy. In particular, the toolbox covers: 1. data selection, 2. adjustment, 3. gravity gradient computation, 4. gravity visualization, 5. calibration factor estimation. A graphical user interface enables users without deeper programming knowledge to operate this toolbox and obtain the results like adjusted values or figures.Item Open Access Engine-airframe integration : from Froude theorem to numerical flow simulation(2026) Hartmann, Jan; Staudacher, StephanThe reduction of the overall emissions of the aviation sector require the improvement of the overall aircraft efficiency. In the current aircraft design, the airframe and the propulsion system are designed separately and expected to reach limits for the overall aircraft efficiency. The integration of the engine into the airframe and the implementation of boundary layer ingestion (BLI) is a promising concept to improve the overall aircraft efficiency. However, this integration alters the engine intake flow and influences the intake characteristics significantly. In this study, numerical simulations as well as water channel experiments are performed to get insights into the challenges that occur due to BLI. An actuator disc simulation is performed to validate the Froude theorem with the numerical simulations. The water channel experiments are used to perform BLI experiments for different fuselage contours and operation points of the engine. In the last step, numerical simulations of the flow into an under-wing intake are compared to an BLI intake. The studies show that the BLI can cause flow separation in different regions of the intake and the intake characteristic is altered.Item Open Access Dynamic water masks from optical satellite imagery(München : Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2019) Elmi, Omid; Sneeuw, Nico (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Investigation of the global freshwater system has a vital role in critical issues e.g. sustainable development of water resources, acceleration of the hydrological cycle, variability of global sea level. Measurement of river streamflow is vital for such investigations as it gives a reliable estimate of freshwater fluxes over the continents. Despite such importance, the number of river discharge gauging station has been decreasing. At the same time, information on the global freshwater system has been increasing because of various types of ground observations, water-use information and spaceborne geodetic observations. Nevertheless, we cannot answer properly crucial questions about the amount of freshwater available on a certain river basin, or the spatial and temporal dynamics of freshwater variations and discharge, or the distribution of world’s freshwater resources in the future. The lack of comprehensive measurements of surface water storage and river discharge is a major impediment for a realistic understanding of the hydrological water cycle, which is a must for answering the aforementioned questions. This thesis aims to improve the methods for monitoring the surface extent of inland water bodies using satellite images. Satellite imaging systems capture the Earth surface in a wide variety of spectral and spatial resolution repeatedly. Therefore satellite imagery provides the opportunity to monitor the spatial change in shorelines, which can serve as a way to determine the water extent. Each band of a multispectral image reveals a unique characteristic of the Earth surface features like surface water extent. However selecting the spectral bands which provide the relevant information is a challenging task. In this thesis, we analyse the potential of multispectral transformations like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to tackle this issue by condensing the information available in all spectral bands in just a few uncorrelated variables. Moreover, we investigate how the change between multispectral images at different epochs can be highlighted by using the transformations. This study proposes an automatic algorithm for extracting the lake water extent from MODIS images and generating dynamics lake masks. For improving the accuracy of the lake masks and computational efficiency of the algorithm, two masks are defined for limiting the search area. The restricting masks are developed according to DEM of the surrounding area together with a map of the long-term variation of pixel values. Subsequently, an unsupervised pixel-based classification algorithm is applied for defining the lake coastline. The algorithm particularly deals with the challenges of generating long time series of lake masks. We apply the algorithm on five lakes in Africa and Asia, each of which demonstrates a challenge for lake area monitoring. However in the validation section, we demonstrate that the algorithm can generate accurate dynamic lake masks. Rivers show diverse behaviour along their path due to the contribution of different parameters like gradient of the elevation, river slope, tributaries and river bed morphology. Therefore for generating accurate river reach mask, we need to consider additional sources of information apart from pixel intensity. The region-based classification algorithm that we propose in this study takes advantages of all types of available information including pixel intensity and spatial and temporal interactions. Markov Random Fields provide a flexible frame for interaction between different sources of data and constraint. To find the most probable configuration of the field, the Maximum A Posteriori solution for the MRF must be found. To this end, the problem is reshaped as an energy minimization. The energy function is minimized applying graph cuts as a powerful optimization technique. The uncertainty in the graph cuts solution is also measured by calculating the minimum marginal energies. The proposed method is applied to four rivers reaches with different hydrological characteristics. We validate the obtained river area time series by comparing with in situ river discharge and satellite altimetric water level time series. Moreover, in this study, we present river discharge estimation models using the generated river reach masks. Our aim is to find an empirical relationship between the average river reach width and river discharge. The statistics in the validation periods support the idea of using river width-discharge prediction models as a complementary technique to the other spaceborne geodetic river discharge prediction approaches.Item Open Access The zero gravity curve and surface and radii for geostationary and geosynchronous satellite orbits(2017) Sjöberg, L. E.; Grafarend, Erik W.; Joud, M. S. S.A geosynchronous satellite orbits the Earth along a constant longitude. A special case is the geostationary satellite that is located at a constant position above the equator. The ideal position of a geostationary satellite is at the level of zero gravity, i.e. at the geocentric radius where the gravitational force of the Earth equals the centrifugal force. These forces must be compensated for several perturbing forces, in particular for the lunisolar tides. Considering that the gravity field of the Earth varies not only radially but also laterally, this study focuses on the variations of zero gravity not only on the equator (for geostationary satellites) but also for various latitudes. It is found that the radius of a geostationary satellite deviates from its mean value of 42164.2 km only within ±2 m, mainly due to the spherical harmonic coefficient J22, which is related with the equatorial flattening of the Earth. Away from the equator the zero gravity surface deviates from the ideal radius of a geosynchronous satellite, and more so for higher latitudes. While the radius of the former surface increases towards infinity towards the poles, the latter decreases about 520 m from the equator to the pole. Tidal effects vary these radii within ±2.3 km.Item Open Access Application of neural networks and transfer learning to turbomachinery heat transfer(2022) Baumann, Markus; Koch, Christian; Staudacher, StephanModel-based predictive maintenance using high-frequency in-flight data requires digital twins that can model the dynamics of their physical twin with high precision. The models of the twins need to be fast and dynamically updatable. Machine learning offers the possibility to address these challenges in modeling the transient performance of aero engines. During transient operation, heat transferred between the engine’s structure and the annulus flow plays an important role. Diabatic performance modeling is demonstrated using non-dimensional transient heat transfer maps and transfer learning to extend turbomachinery transient modeling. The general form of such a map for a simple system similar to a pipe is reproduced by a Multilayer Perceptron neural network. It is trained using data from a finite element simulation. In a next step, the network is transferred using measurements to model the thermal transients of an aero engine. Only a limited number of parameters measured during selected transient maneuvers is needed to generate suitable non-dimensional transient heat transfer maps. With these additional steps, the extended performance model matches the engine thermal transients well.Item Open Access Study on constraining turbulence to met mast data from the WINSENT complex terrain test site for use as inflow for CFD simulations(2025) Müller, CarstenThis work presents a method for generating time-resolved, three-dimensional turbulent inflow conditions for URANS/DDES simulations using the flow solver FLOWer. Turbulent inflow fields are generated using the Mann Turbulence Model via python’s Hipersim package and are applied as boundary conditions in the solver. The inflow is to reproduce both the absolute values and spectral characteristics of single-point time series and 3D velocity fields represented in atmospheric turbulence. A dedicated toolchain, InFlow, was developed to process and adapt turbulence input data from the WINSENT test site near Stötten, Germany. The approach is designed to be computationally efficient, straightforward to apply, and accurate enough for use in practical wind energy simulations. Its performance and limitations are evaluated across varying inflow scenarios and setups.Item Open Access Entwicklung und Untersuchung eines Partikelverfahrens zur Simulation elektromagnetischer Wechselwirkungen in verdünnten Plasmaströmungen(2015) Stindl, Torsten; Auweter-Kurtz, Monika (Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil.)In einer Vielzahl von technischen Prozessen und Geräten, insbesondere in der Raumfahrt, spielen verdünnte Plasmaströmungen eine signifikante Rolle. Zur Erforschung, Auslegung und Optimierung dieser Prozesse und Geräte können numerische Plasmasimulationen einen wertvollen Beitrag liefern. Aufgrund der dünnen Plasmen und der damit verbundenen Ungültigkeit der Kontinuumsannahme werden Partikelverfahren verwendet. Gekoppelte PIC-DSMC-Verfahren zur Approximation der Boltzmanngleichung können sowohl elektromagnetische Interaktionen als auch Kollisionen der Partikel behandeln. Ein solches Verfahren wird derzeit in einer Kooperation zwischen dem Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme (IRS) und dem Institut für Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik (IAG) der Universität Stuttgart entwickelt, mit früheren Beteiligungen des Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), des Höchstleistungsrechenzentrums Stuttgart (HLRS) und der German Research School der RWTH Aachen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung und Untersuchung von Teilen der PIC-Komponente dieses gekoppelten PIC-DSMC-Verfahrens und stellt die implementierten Verfahren und Techniken sowie die durch die Verifizierung und Untersuchung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse vor. Die theoretischen Grundlagen und physikalischen Zusammenhänge sowie die grundlegenden Gleichungen werden vorgestellt. Die Modellierung und Implementierung des PIC-Verfahrens wird erläutert und die räumlichen und zeitlichen Diskretisierungsmethoden sowie Randbedingungen des Verfahrens werden präsentiert. Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt auf der Partikelbehandlung. Dazu gehören unter anderem die Partikellokalisierung und -verfolgung bezüglich des Rechengitters sowie die Randbehandlung der Partikel. Die entwickelten und vorgestellten Methoden ermöglichen eine zuverlässige und schnelle Verfolgung der Partikel auf unstrukturierten Gittern mit nicht planaren Flächen zwischen Gitterelementen. Dadurch wird allgemein die sichere Anwendung von Randbedingungen, für das PIC-Verfahren die korrekte Zuordnung der Partikel zu den Rechengitterelementen und für das DSMC-Verfahren die schnelle Erfassung der in einem Element befindlichen Partikel gewährleistet. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Partikelbehandlung ist die Deposition der Ladungen von den Partikeln auf das Rechengitter selbst, für die verschiedene Methoden präsentiert werden. Durch eine grundlegende Untersuchung dieser Methoden hinsichtlich Rechenaufwand, Ladungserhaltung und -verteilung wird deren Eignung für verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche und deren spezifischen Anforderungen identifiziert. Für die bisher verwendete Formfunktionsmethode wurde eine Alternative hoher Ordnung auf der Basis von B-Splines eingeführt, die durch die Verwendung eines kartesischen Hintergrundgitters zur Deposition zu einer signifikanten Reduzierung des Rechenaufwands führt. Da die Simulation der meisten Anwendungsfälle aufgrund der Notwendigkeit von hohen Partikelzahlen und hochaufgelösten Rechengittern sehr rechenintensiv ist und somit die Verwendung von parallelen Hochleistungsrechnern erfordert, ist das Verfahren voll parallelisiert. Die Methoden zurParallelisierung der einzelnen Teile des Verfahrens werden vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird die Skalierbarkeit und die Verteilung der Rechenlast gezeigt. Das PIC-Verfahren wird verifiziert und die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens am Beispiel der Simulation einer Strömung durch das Gitter eines Ionentriebwerks demonstriert. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Verfahren und Techniken ermöglichen die parallele Simulation von dreidimensionalen verdünnten Plasmaströmungen auf komplexen Geometrien unter Verwendung des Discontinuous Galerkin Verfahrens hoher Ordnung, wofür die hierfür entwickelten und untersuchten Partikelbehandlungsmethoden einen wesentlichen Beitrag leisten.Item Open Access Next-generation sustainable composites with flax fibre and biobased vitrimer epoxy polymer matrix(2025) Tran, Hoang Thanh Tuyen; Baur, Johannes; Radjef, Racim; Nikzad, Mostafa; Bjekovic, Robert; Carosella, Stefan; Middendorf, Peter; Fox, BronwynThis work presents the development of two vanillin-based vitrimer epoxy flax fibre-reinforced composites, with both the VER1-1-FFRC (a vitrimer-to-epoxy ratio of 1:1) and VER1-2-FFRC (a vitrimer-to-epoxy ratio of 1:2), via a vacuum-assisted resin infusion. The thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting vitrimer epoxy flax composites were characterised using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and mechanical four-point bending tests, alongside studies of solvent resistance and chemical recyclability. Both the VER1-1-FFRC (degradation temperature Tdeg of 377.0 °C) and VER1-2-FFRC (Tdeg of 395.9 °C) exhibited relatively high thermal stability, which is comparable to the reference ER-FFRC (Tdeg of 396.7 °C). The VER1-1-FFRC, VER1-2-FFRC, and ER-FFRC demonstrated glass transition temperatures Tg of 54.1 °C, 68.8 °C, and 83.4 °C, respectively. The low Tg of the vitrimer composite is due to the low crosslink density in the vitrimer epoxy resin. Particularly, the crosslinked density of the VER1-1-FFRC was measured to be 319.5 mol·m−3, which is lower than that obtained from the VER1-2-FFRC (434.7 mol·m-3) and ER-FFRC (442.9 mol·m-3). Furthermore, the mechanical properties of these composites are also affected by the low crosslink density. Indeed, the flexural strength of the VER1-1-FFRC was found to be 76.7 MPa, which was significantly lower than the VER1-2-FFRC (116.2 MPa) and the ER-FFRC (138.3 MPa). Despite their lower thermal and mechanical performance, these vitrimer composites offer promising recyclability and contribute to advancing sustainable composite materials.Item Open Access Maintenance strategies for large offshore wind farms(2012) Scheu, MattiWhich equipment is needed and how shall tasks be scheduled in order to implement the economically most efficient operation and maintenance strategy for large offshore wind farms? This is the question motivating this research project. Considering production losses due to turbine downtime as well as local geographical and weather conditions, an efficient operation and maintenance (O&M) solution shall be achieved for two reference sites at the UK east coast. For this purpose, a Matlab-based tool has been developed, consisting of the following five main modules: Weather, Failures, Resources, Strategy and Cost. The "Weather" module is able to generate future sea states and wind speeds based on historical data. It uses a finite state Markov chain in discrete time to model significant wave heights. Wind speeds are then generated according to their conditional probability distribution at the corresponding wave height. In order to validate the weather module, several time series were generated and compared with existing data. For comparison, the mean values, standard errors, linear correlations and cumulative distribution functions for persistence of operational weather windows were chosen, both for synthetic and observed wind speed and wave height time series. Both reference sites in the UK North Sea were considered for validation. Failure rates are the basis for the "Failure" module. As an input, data gathered from onshore reliability investigations are used, which can be updated once more detailed data is available for offshore turbines. The outcomes of this module are turbine-failures occurring at a certain time. Within the “Resources” module, it is defined which equipment and personnel is available for O&M activities. The equipment is specified by its technical characteristics, e.g., the maximum transportable personnel and the operational wave height boundary. Another key parameter is the "Strategy". The main goal of this module is to take the decision whether to perform an operation or not. Within this thesis, one specific strategy has been used, but references are made to possible modifications in the according paragraphs. The measurement of economic performance is done in the "Cost" module. Here, production losses are quantified by combining the wind speed during a failure with the linearized power curve of the turbine and the local buyback price system. Therefore, the worth of additional or better maintenance equipment can be seen directly as an increase in availability and a decrease of production losses. Results show how sensitive availability and therefore production losses change with respect to changes in the maintenance fleet, reliability characteristics of components and distance to shore. Major improvements of availability were achieved by applying maintenance vessels with a higher operational wave height boundary. An increase of this constraint from one to 1.8 m significant wave height raised the availability by up to 30 percent, leading to a much better economic performance. The influence of the weather forecast accuracy on the number of maintenance vessel and crane deployments is also stated, showing a significant increase of deployments if the weather forecast is only accurate for short times. An improvement of component-reliability, modeled as a 50% decreased annual failure rate, could save up to 440 k€ of yearly production losses for each modeled wind turbine. Higher transit times, due to a greater distance to shore, strongly decrease the wind park availability.