01 Fakultät Architektur und Stadtplanung
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Item Open Access Towards sustainable urbanization in new cities : social acceptance and preferences of agricultural and solar energy systems(2024) Marzouk, Mai A.; Salheen, Mohamed A.; Fischer, Leonie K.Social acceptance of end users is indispensable for the implementation of agricultural and solar energy systems to create a more sustainable and productive residential building sector. Thus, the main aim of this study is to investigate the social acceptance level of the two systems and the implementation preferences of Egyptian end users, i.e., residents, in relation to their different sociocultural backgrounds. Given that most of the construction in Egypt is taking place in new cities, the acceptance of such systems strongly relates to societal implications for urban sustainability. An online survey was therefore disseminated to the residents of new cities in the Greater Cairo Region in Egypt (n = 274). A contingency analysis was conducted using the SPSS tool, calculating the Chisquared and Fisher tests to identify significant associations between the variables. Results indicated a high level of social acceptance of both the agricultural (71 %) and solar energy (64 %) systems. The attitude of residents towards the systems and their experience using them were the variables exhibiting the highest association with social acceptance of agricultural systems (p < 0.001 for attitude and experience) and solar energy systems (p = 0.04 for attitude and p = 0.002 for experience). The most preferred system types were the horizontal planters on hand railings and roof-mounted photovoltaics. Responses showed that production was the main aim for agricultural systems, while economic returns were the main aim for solar systems. However, both systems faced the same barriers, especially in relation to economic barriers. Out of the 12 sociocultural variables tested, respondents’ age had the most significant impact on the implementation preferences of both systems followed by gender, residence type, and access to shared facilities. Our study addressed a knowledge gap by comparing the two systems to identify the common or different reasons behind the disparity between their high theoretical potential versus low on-ground implementation. Future research could investigate other underlying factors behind social acceptance beyond the analyzed sociocultural aspects and tackle the types of each system in detail.Item Open Access Nachhaltige Transformation gestalten : Baukultur in ländlichen Räumen in Baden-Württemberg(Stuttgart : Universität Stuttgart, Städtebau-Institut, Lehrstuhl für Stadtplanung und Entwerfen, 2023) Baum, Martina; Deilmann, Philipp; Königsdorfer, Richard; Ludwig, Ann-KathrinDie Studie „Nachhaltige Transformation gestalten - Baukultur in ländlichen Räumen in Baden-Württemberg“ ordnet den Baukulturbegriff geschichtlich ein und entwickelt daraus eine neue Definition mit transformativem Potenzial, die eine zukunftsgerichtete nachhaltige Perspektive auf die ländlichen Räume in Baden-Württemberg ermöglicht. Eine qualitative Bestandsaufnahme der Baukultur zeigt sowohl die Problematik als auch die Potenziale von gegenwärtigen baukulturellen Entwicklungen, insbesondere die herausragende infrastrukturelle Lage des Landes. Die einzelnen Elemente der Baukultur - Gebäude, Kulturlandschaften und Infrastrukturen - werden dabei über Kartografien und Fotografien erfasst und ausgewertet. Darauf aufbauend wurden konkrete Ziele, Kriterien und Handlungsempfehlungen erarbeitet, die eine nachhaltige Transformation der gebauten Umwelt in den ländlichen Räumen Baden-Württembergs ermöglichen.Item Open Access Functionalizing building envelopes for greening and solar energy : between theory and the practice in Egypt(2022) Marzouk, Mai A.; Salheen, Mohamed A.; Fischer, Leonie K.The building sector is one of the most resource-intensive industries. In Egypt, buildings consume 60% of electricity, produce 8% of CO2 emissions, and anthropize agricultural land, peri-urban and urban landscapes. To compensate for these consumption patterns, building envelopes can become productive in terms of greening and energy production. This encompasses the implementation of productive building systems that include (a) greening systems such as building-integrated vegetation and agriculture systems and (b) solar energy systems such as building-applied and integrated photovoltaics. For Egypt, the transformation toward more productive buildings still lacks a holistic understanding of their status and implementation requirements. This paper undergoes a comprehensive analysis of the two systems’ classifications, benefits, challenges, and implementation aspects based on a thorough assessment of 121 studies and 20 reports addressing them. This is coupled with a contextual analysis using questionnaires (n = 35) and semi-structured interviews (n = 13) with Egyptian experts and suppliers. Results showed that a large variety of systems is studied in literature and exists in the local market. Among the most purchased productive building systems in the Egyptian market, according to experts, are hydroponics (selected by 75% of respondents), planter boxes/pots (50%), roof-mounted photovoltaic panels (95%), and solar water heaters (55%). The main benefits of greening and solar energy systems are identified as enjoying the greenery view (95%) and reducing energy expenses (100%), respectively. The high initial cost was considered the main barrier for both systems. Multiple commonalities between the two systems in terms of spatial and environmental applicability aspects (e.g., accessibility and safety, net useable area, sun exposure, wind exposure) and environmental performance aspects (e.g., energy demand and emissions reduction, heat flow reduction) were identified. Lastly, we highlight the importance of analyzing integrated solutions that make use of the identified synergies between the systems and maximize the production potentials.Item Open Access Factors affecting the social acceptance of agricultural and solar energy systems : the case of new cities in Egypt(2024) Marzouk, Mai A.; Fischer, Leonie K.; Salheen, Mohamed A.Can the building sector become productive and, in parallel, help create livable spaces? Agricultural and solar energy systems can contribute to the building sector’s transformation; however, research on these systems has mostly focused on technological development and achieved gains, while overlooking a key driver of success, which is social acceptance. Only recently has the discussion on social acceptance of the systems gained momentum revealing that their adoption, especially in residential sectors, is bound to end users. Therefore, using a quantitative, survey-based, case study approach, we investigated what influences the social acceptance of end users, i.e., the residents of residential buildings in Egyptian new cities. Based on UTAUT - a Technology Acceptance theory - seven underlying factors were tackled using a statistical contingency analysis (SPSS, n = 274) to test their association with (a) social acceptance of agricultural and solar energy systems and (b) the sociocultural background of the residents. Results revealed that social acceptance of the systems was associated with factors like the expected effort for implementation, concerns and anxieties about the systems, external supporting conditions, and social influences – while surprisingly, it was not associated with the expected performance of the systems, their perceived costs, and the need for financial support. Most studied factors showed associations with the sociocultural aspects, except for the expected effort and perceived cost of solar systems and financial facilitations of both systems, which proved to be completely independent of the sociocultural background of the residents. The conducted analysis and concluded insights about the underlying factors behind social acceptance have not been previously covered in detail for the two systems in comparison, especially for the case of new Egyptian residences. The study findings can support relevant stakeholders such as policymakers, suppliers, engineers, etc. in triggering the social acceptance of the systems in Egypt and contexts of similar settings.Item Open Access Perceptions of building-integrated nature-based solutions by suppliers versus consumers in Egypt(2024) Marzouk, Mai A.; Salheen, Mohamed A.; Fischer, Leonie K.Can Building-Integrated Nature-based Solutions (BI-NbS) reach their full potential in the Global South? In the Egyptian context, BI-NbS are relatively new with an identified gap between the high potential in theory and low implementation rates in practice. To bridge this gap, the study conducts an in-depth investigation of BI-NbS market conditions to reveal the current trends in the residential buildings market in Egypt. It also identifies the gaps and overlaps in the perceptions of the suppliers and consumers of BI-NbS. Results reveal that the residential sector sales mainly target high-income groups yet very limited and dominated by rooftop systems. Suppliers advocate for high-tech systems over low-tech systems, whereas consumers prefer the latter. The perceptions of suppliers and consumers mostly align regarding the basic aspects such as the production and operation preferences as well as the anxieties and concerns about the relatively new BI-NbS in this regional context. However, they diverge in key aspects affecting market penetration such as implementation conditions, aims, and barriers. Accordingly, the study identified the gap between suppliers and consumers, and outlined recommendations, directed to suppliers and policymakers, for improved market development and local implementation of BI-NbS in emerging markets of the Global South, such as Egypt.Item Open Access Extension of computational co-design methods for modular, prefabricated composite building components using bio-based material systems(2023) Zechmeister, Christoph; Gil Pérez, Marta; Dambrosio, Niccolo; Knippers, Jan; Menges, AchimRobotic coreless filament winding using alternative material systems based on natural fibers and bio-based resin systems offers possible solutions to the productivity and sustainability challenges of the building and construction sector. Their application in modular, prefabricated structures allows for material-efficient and fast production under tightly controlled conditions leading to high-quality building parts with minimal production waste. Plant fibers made of flax or hemp have high stiffness and strength values and their production consumes less non-renewable energy than glass or carbon fibers. However, the introduction of natural material systems increases uncertainties in structural performance and fabrication parameters. The development process of coreless wound composite parts must thus be approached from the bottom up, treating the material system as an integral part of design and evaluation. Existing design and fabrication methods, as well as equipment, are adjusted to emphasize material aspects throughout the development, increasing the importance of material characterization and scalability evaluation. The reciprocity of material characterization and the fabrication process is highlighted and contributes to a non-linear, cyclical workflow. The implementation of extensions and adaptations are showcased in the development of the livMatS pavilion, a first attempt at coreless filament winding using natural material systems in architecture.Item Open Access Meeting sustainable development goals via robotics and autonomous systems(2022) Guenat, Solène; Purnell, Phil; Davies, Zoe G.; Nawrath, Maximilian; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah; Balasubramanian, Muniyandi; Ballantyne, Erica E. F.; Bylappa, Bhuvana Kolar; Chen, Bei; De Jager, Peta; Del Prete, Andrea; Di Nuovo, Alessandro; Ehi-Eromosele, Cyril O.; Eskandari Torbaghan, Mehran; Evans, Karl L.; Fraundorfer, Markus; Haouas, Wissem; Izunobi, Josephat U.; Jauregui-Correa, Juan Carlos; Kaddouh, Bilal Y.; Lewycka, Sonia; MacIntosh, Ana C.; Mady, Christine; Maple, Carsten; Mhiret, Worku N.; Mohammed-Amin, Rozhen Kamal; Olawole, Olukunle Charles; Oluseyi, Temilola; Orfila, Caroline; Ossola, Alessandro; Pfeifer, Marion; Pridmore, Tony; Rijal, Moti L.; Rega-Brodsky, Christine C.; Robertson, Ian D.; Rogers, Christopher D. F.; Rougé, Charles; Rumaney, Maryam B.; Seeletso, Mmabaledi K.; Shaqura, Mohammed Z.; Suresh, L. M.; Sweeting, Martin N.; Taylor Buck, Nick; Ukwuru, M. U.; Verbeek, Thomas; Voss, Hinrich; Wadud, Zia; Wang, Xinjun; Winn, Neil; Dallimer, MartinRobotics and autonomous systems are reshaping the world, changing healthcare, food production and biodiversity management. While they will play a fundamental role in delivering the UN Sustainable Development Goals, associated opportunities and threats are yet to be considered systematically. We report on a horizon scan evaluating robotics and autonomous systems impact on all Sustainable Development Goals, involving 102 experts from around the world. Robotics and autonomous systems are likely to transform how the Sustainable Development Goals are achieved, through replacing and supporting human activities, fostering innovation, enhancing remote access and improving monitoring. Emerging threats relate to reinforcing inequalities, exacerbating environmental change, diverting resources from tried-and-tested solutions and reducing freedom and privacy through inadequate governance. Although predicting future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on the Sustainable Development Goals is difficult, thoroughly examining technological developments early is essential to prevent unintended detrimental consequences. Additionally, robotics and autonomous systems should be considered explicitly when developing future iterations of the Sustainable Development Goals to avoid reversing progress or exacerbating inequalities.Item Open Access Human-nature interaction in urban socio-ecological systems(2025) Jakstis, Kristen; Fischer, Leonie K. (Prof. Dr.)Human-nature interactions are an ubiquitous part of life and are integral for forming strong human-nature relationships that benefit people, while also potentially supporting non-human nature. Indeed, diverse human-nature interactions have been associated with many positive outcomes related to mental and physical well-being, learning, inspiration, development, and the cultivation of a strong sense of nature-connectedness. These positive outcomes for humans can additionally have cascading benefits for non-human nature with, for example, people who feel more connected to nature being more likely to support pro-environmental and pro-biodiversity actions. Despite these positive outcomes, people are interacting less with their natural environment, especially in urban areas, which reduces the opportunity for many urban residents to experience such nature-derived benefits. In this context, it is increasingly important to understand human-nature interactions in urban areas in particular, so that such interactions can be supported year-round to enhance the lives of both diverse urban residents and urban nature. This support for urban people and nature is especially critical as Earth and its inhabitants face the triple planetary crisis of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. In recent years, the research community has made substantial strides in studying urban human-nature interactions and relationships. Yet, there are several aspects of these relationships that have received less research attention, but are nevertheless essential to better understand human-nature interactions, their perception, and subsequent impact on urban life. Therefore, the overarching objective of this dissertation is to examine a subset of these understudied, yet critical, aspects of human-nature interactions within urban socio-ecological systems. The research will contribute to a fuller understanding of urban human-nature interactions that can ultimately help support both people and nature, especially in times of urban migration and densification. To accomplish this objective, a framework for urban human-nature interactions was developed to guide and contextualize this research. This framework describes urban human-nature interactions according to their occurrences, perceptions, outcomes, and relationships between these factors. The framework additionally emphasizes the potential impact of attributes of urban socio-ecological systems in which human-nature interactions are imbedded like Covid-19 pandemic conditions, geographic location, and seasonality. Using this framework in the examination of the current research discourse, supported the identification of understudied aspects of urban human-nature interactions related to their occurrence, perception, outcome, and socio-ecological context that led to the four main research questions examined in this dissertation, namely: How did the Covid-19 pandemic affect human-nature interactions in European cities (RQ1)? How is urban human-nature interaction and sociocultural background of Stuttgart residents associated with a specified human health outcome (i.e. depression risk; RQ2)? What characterizes human-nature interaction of Stuttgart’s urban park visitors specifically in winter (RQ3)? What is the current global research discourse on human-nature interactions in winter and what are common themes and relevant gaps for future research (RQ4)? A research methodology that included diverse study designs and analyses across geographic scales, seasons, and Covid-19 pandemic conditions was developed to examine these research questions. The results of the four published articles comprising this dissertation suggest first, that the Covid-19 pandemic affected human-nature interaction patterns in European cities and that existing geographic trends of human-nature interaction were enhanced during the pandemic. Second, high-engagement human-nature interaction in the form of urban gardening was associated with a lower odds of depression risk in a Stuttgart case study, with important nuances for residents with a migration history. Third, certain park visitation behaviors and landscape features were associated with high-engagement nature interaction in Stuttgart’s urban parks, though proportionally few visitors demonstrated high-engagement nature interaction. Fourth, a scoping review of the literature revealed the body of research examining winter human-nature interactions focused on outcomes related to health, recreation and tourism, and culture is relatively small and could benefit from more explicit research attention. Finally, results of all four studies together highlight that urban human-nature interactions are diverse and context specific, affected by urban residents’ unique socio-cultural backgrounds (e.g., migration history and age) and aspects of the socio-ecological systems in which they are imbedded (e.g., Covid-19 pandemic conditions, geographic location, and seasonality). Therefore, adaptive strategies that aim to legitimately include the many perspectives, needs, and preferences of urban residents should be prioritized to help support urban human-nature interactions that are positive for both people and non-human nature alike. From an urban planning standpoint, the holistic integration of measures that support high-quality urban nature and high engagement human-nature interaction can contribute to meeting goals outlined in overarching policy frameworks including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, and the European Green Deal more broadly.Item Open Access Productive Building Systems in the residential sector in Egypt : an investigation into the implementation potential of greening and solar energy systems in new cities(2024) Marzouk, Mai A.; Fischer, Leonie K. (Prof. Dr.)Globally, human actions are driving irreversible environmental phenomena including climate change and global warming. The rapid expansion of urban areas and the resource-intensive building sectors have amplified the implications of these phenomena on urban populations at global and local levels. Therefore, a transformation was spurred towards the regenerative paradigm to offset the adverse impacts of current building practices and increase the positive impact of buildings on the natural environment. In line with the regenerative approach, this research focuses on Productive Building Systems (PBSs) - particularly greening and solar energy systems. PBSs could transform building envelopes into productive structures that grow vegetation, produce food, harvest solar energy, and compensate, even in part, for land and habitat replaced by buildings. In Egypt, despite the high productivity potential of PBSs, their implementation rates are lower than expected. To bridge this gap, the dissertation aims at conducting a multi-faceted investigation of the implementation potential of PBSs in the understudied context of new residential buildings in Egypt. Influenced by implementation science theories, three priority facets - technical, social, and behavioral - were investigated using a mixed-method approach to address several gaps in theory and practice. The findings were discussed under three corresponding topics (a) literature review and technical frameworks covering PBS types and implementation requirements, (b) social acceptance and implementation preferences among potential consumers, and (c) behavioral and socio-psychological factors influencing social acceptance. In the end, the dissertation provided a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of two main PBSs - greening and solar energy systems - in comparison, under the prevailing conditions in Egypt. It tailored concrete recommendations to support involved stakeholders in promoting PBSs implementation in Egypt and countries of comparable climatic and socio-economic conditions, to ultimately create more productive, livable, and resource-efficient built environments.