Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access Dynamics of poling PVDF between 25°C and 120°C(1991) Eberle, Gernot; Eisenmenger, WolfgangPVDF films with high β-content are poled in an electric field of 60 MV/m at temperatures between 25°C and 120°C. At 25°C the alignment of dipoles takes place in a central poling zone during several hours of poling. When the temperature is increased to 120°C the poling time necessary to align the dipoles in this narrow zone is reduced to several seconds. In addition, at temperatures higher than 90°C and increased poling times the central poling zone first increases but later decreases in its dielectric displacement. Simultaneously in a 10 μm regime adjoining the positive electrode a secondary displacement zone starts to grow. The strong reduction of this peak under short circuit conditions indicates hetero-charge accumulation in front of an anode.Item Open Access Field induced gas emission of polymer films(1992) Selle, Michael; Eberle, Gernot; Gompf, Bruno; Eisenmenger, WolfgangPoling polyvinylidene fluoride under vacuum conditions causes strong gas emission, which is analyzed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The dominant peak in the mass spectrum is HF, which is produced by electrochemical reactions at the sample surface. After the electric field is switched off, the gas emission unexpectedly increases to a value higher than under the field. This can be explained by ionic charge detrappingand charge migrationItem Open Access High frequency phonon transmission through amorphous films(1990) Mebert, Joachim; Maile, Bernd; Eisenmenger, WolfgangWe now report on phonon spectroscopy measurements in the frequency range from 300 GHz - 1 THz on thin amorphous films of several materials (i.e. e-beam evaporated SiO2., α-Si and α-Ge). Some films were prepared in a residual gas atmosphere as H20 and N2.Item Open Access Polarization distribution in PVDF obtained by poling under constant current condition(1990) Neumann, Guido; Bihler, Eckardt; Eberle, Gernot; Eisenmenger, WolfgangSince the resistivity of PVDE films increases when the films are poled, the voltage across the samples must be increased during the poling process in order to keep the current constant. Under these conditions, the formation of a polarization zone in the center of the film depth is observed. The thickness of the polarization-free zone close to the film surfaces is found to decrease with larger current densities. The results are consistent with a model assuming charge trapping in deep traps associated with the orientation of polar crystallites.Item Open Access Phonon physics : acoustics at terahertz frequencies(1992) Eisenmenger, WolfgangIt is the natural aim of phonon physics at terahertz frequencies to extend the possible range of phonon spectroscopic investigations to the upper limit of 10THz. There are some approaches in this direction. Especially semiconductor physics and microelectronics see the importance of phonon aspects. With respect to the transitions of photons in high energetic phonons in semiconductors as Ga/As very interesting results have been obtained.Item Open Access Binding energies of trapped charges in PVDF and P(VDF/TrFE)(1994) Küssner, Bodo; Dehlen, Bernhard; Eberle, Gernot; Eisenmenger, WolfgangThe remanent polarization in PVDF and P(VDF/TrFE) is stabilized by trapped charges. We measured the remanent polarization P as function of temperature during heating from room temperature to 180°C. The discharge current is then computed as the first derivative -dP/dT. Assuming a Debye relaxation and a continuous distribution of binding energies g(E) of the trapped charges we can show that the discharge current I(T) is proportional to g(E=mT), with m=const. The constant m can either be calculated numerically or by analytical approximation, With this method the distribution g(E) can be determined. These data are consistent with the extraordinary long life time of the remanent polarisation in PVDF and P(VDF/TrFE) at room temperature.Item Open Access Electric-field profiles in corona- or electron-beam-charged and thermally treated Teflon PTFE, FEP, and PFA films(1992) Gerhard-Multhaupt, Reimund; Eberle, Gernot; Xia, Zhongfou; Yang, Guomao; Eisenmenger, WolfgangCharge spreading in three different types of Teflon electrets was studied by means of piezoelectrically generated pressure steps, FEP and PFA samples corona-charged at room temperature usually exhibited only a surface charge layer. Uniform charge spreading throughout the bulk was found in FEP charged at or heated to high temperatures. Charge spreading was much less prominent in PFA because of a smaller retrapping efficiency. In PTFE (polytetrafluorethylene), charges from the surface and the rear electrode were injected into the bulk during charging at any temperature. Electron-beam-deposited charge layers broadened significantly upon heating.Item Open Access The fiber optic probe hydrophone(1994) Wurster, Clemens; Staudenraus, Joachim; Eisenmenger, WolfgangWe present a new type of hydrophone based on a fiber-optic sensor principle for shock wave and ultrasonic measurements in water. Its detection mechanism is based on the change of the optical reflection coefficient at the end surface of a glass fiber in water by pressure signals. The relation between the intensity of the reflected light and the water pressure is defined by material constants so that calibration by reference is not necessary. Shock wave measurements were made with the fiber optic probe hydrophone and compared with the results obtained by PVDF membrane and needle hydrophones. Important advantages are high resolution in space and time, a reproducible response also to negative pressure signals with high accuracy, high cavitation threshold, large bandwidth (>1 GHz), ideal electromagnetic shielding, high deterioration resistance and simple calibration control.Item Open Access Thermal depolarization of PVDF : anomaly at 180°C(1991) Eberle, Gernot; Eisenmenger, WolfgangPVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) samples with high β-content (80%), prepolarized at room temperature, were heated to higher temperatures. The polarization was measured first under open circuit conditions at the high temperature and then cooling down again to room temperature. For elevated temperatures up to 175°C the polarization is reduced to 2% of the original value, yet covers roughly to 8% of the original value after cooling down again to room temperature. In contrast, when heating up the films to 180°C a significantly different behavior was observed: in cooling down to room temperature the polarization returns from about 1% at 180°C to about 40% of the original prepolarized value.Item Open Access Time development of multiple polarization zones in PVDF(1993) Eberle, Gernot; Dehlen, Bernhard; Eisenmenger, WolfgangThe polarization distribution in PVDF which causes the piezo- and pyroelectricity of this polymer depends strongly on the polarization distribution. Applying an electric field of E = 60M/m causes a ca. 10μm thick polarization zone in the middle of the sample. Applying the same field in opposite direction a bimorph structure results. If the same field is applied to a homogeneously prepolarized PVDF sample a trimorph structure is formed with three polarization zones under field. But under short circuit conditions the polarization zone in the new field direction vanishes. The polarization distribution is measured with the acoustic PPS method with a spatial resolution of about 2μm.