Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access Cavity QED based on room temperature atoms interacting with a photonic crystal cavity : a feasibility study(2020) Alaeian, Hadiseh; Ritter, Ralf; Basic, Muamera; Löw, Robert; Pfau, TilmanThe paradigm of cavity QED is a two-level emitter interacting with a high-quality factor single-mode optical resonator. The hybridization of the emitter and photon wave functions mandates large vacuum Rabi frequencies and long coherence times; features that so far have been successfully realized with trapped cold atoms and ions, and localized solid-state quantum emitters such as superconducting circuits, quantum dots, and color centers Reiserer and Rempe (Rev Modern Phys 87:1379, 2015), Faraon et al. (Phys Rev 81:033838, 2010). Thermal atoms, on the other hand, provide us with a dense emitter ensemble and in comparison to the cold systems are more compatible with integration, hence enabling large-scale quantum systems. However, their thermal motion and large transit-time broadening is a major bottleneck that has to be circumvented. A promising remedy could benefit from the highly controllable and tunable electromagnetic fields of a nano-photonic cavity with strong local electric-field enhancements. Utilizing this feature, here we investigate the interaction between fast moving thermal atoms and a nano-beam photonic crystal cavity (PCC) with large quality factor and small mode volume. Through fully quantum mechanical calculations, including Casimir-Polder potential (i.e. the effect of the surface on radiation properties of an atom), we show, when designed properly, the achievable coupling between the flying atom and the cavity photon would be strong enough to lead to quantum interference effects in spite of short interaction times. In addition, the time-resolved detection of different trajectories can be used to identify single and multiple atom counts. This probabilistic approach will find applications in cavity QED studies in dense atomic media and paves the way towards realizing large-scale, room-temperature macroscopic quantum systems aimed at out of the lab quantum devices.Item Open Access Rydberg dressing : understanding of collective many-body effects and implications for experiments(2014) Balewski, Jonathan B.; Krupp, Alexander T.; Gaj, Anita; Hofferberth, Sebastian; Löw, Robert; Pfau, TilmanThe strong interaction between Rydberg atoms can be used to control the strength and character of the interatomic interaction in ultracold gases by weakly dressing the atoms with a Rydberg state. Elaborate theoretical proposals for the realization of various complex phases and applications in quantum simulation exist. Also a simple model has been already developed that describes the basic idea of Rydberg dressing in a two-atom basis. However, an experimental realization has been elusive so far. We present a model describing the ground state of a Bose-Einstein condensate dressed with a Rydberg level based on the Rydberg blockade. This approach provides an intuitive understanding of the transition from pure two-body interaction to a regime of collective interactions. Furthermore it enables us to calculate the deformation of a three-dimensional sample under realistic experimental conditions in mean-field approximation. We compare full three-dimensional numerical calculations of the ground state to an analytic expression obtained within Thomas-Fermi approximation. Finally we discuss limitations and problems arising in an experimental realization of Rydberg dressing based on our experimental results and point out possible solutions for future approaches. Our work enables the reader to straight forwardly estimate the experimental feasibility of Rydberg dressing in realistic three-dimensional atomic samples.Item Open Access Coupling thermal atomic vapor to an integrated ring resonator(2016) Ritter, Ralf; Gruhler, Nico; Pernice, Wolfram; Kübler, Harald; Pfau, Tilman; Löw, RobertStrongly interacting atom-cavity systems within a network with many nodes constitute a possible realization for a quantum internet which allows for quantum communication and computation on the same platform. To implement such large-scale quantum networks, nanophotonic resonators are promising candidates because they can be scalably fabricated and interconnected with waveguides and optical fibers. By integrating arrays of ring resonators into a vapor cell we show that thermal rubidium atoms above room temperature can be coupled to photonic cavities as building blocks for chip-scale hybrid circuits. Although strong coupling is not yet achieved in this first realization, our approach provides a key step towards miniaturization and scalability of atom-cavity systems.Item Open Access Preparation of ordered states in ultra-cold gases using Bayesian optimization(2020) Mukherjee, Rick; Sauvage, Frédéric; Xie, Harry; Löw, Robert; Mintert, FlorianUltra-cold atomic gases are unique in terms of the degree of controllability, both for internal and external degrees of freedom. This makes it possible to use them for the study of complex quantum many-body phenomena. However in many scenarios, the prerequisite condition of faithfully preparing a desired quantum state despite decoherence and system imperfections is not always adequately met. To pave the way to a specific target state, we implement quantum optimal control based on Bayesian optimization. The probabilistic modeling and broad exploration aspects of Bayesian optimization are particularly suitable for quantum experiments where data acquisition can be expensive. Using numerical simulations for the superfluid to Mott-insulator transition for bosons in a lattice as well as for the formation of Rydberg crystals as explicit examples, we demonstrate that Bayesian optimization is capable of finding better control solutions with regards to finite and noisy data compared to existing methods of optimal control.Item Open Access Double light-cone dynamics establish thermal states in integrable 1D Bose gases(2018) Langen, Tim; Schweigler, Thomas; Demler, Eugene; Schmiedmayer, JoergWe theoretically investigate the non-equilibrium dynamics in a quenched pair of one-dimensional Bose gases with density imbalance. We describe the system using its low-energy effective theory, the Luttinger liquid model. In this framework the system shows strictly integrable relaxation dynamics via dephasing of its approximate many-body eigenstates. In the balanced case, this leads to the well-known light-cone-like establishment of a prethermalized state, which can be described by a generalized Gibbs ensemble. In the imbalanced case the integrable dephasing leads to a state that, counter-intuitively, closely resembles a thermal equilibrium state. The approach to this state is characterized by two separate light-cone dynamics with distinct characteristic velocities. This behavior is a result of the fact that in the imbalanced case observables are not aligned with the conserved quantities of the integrable system. We discuss a concrete experimental realization to study this effect using matterwave interferometry and many-body revivals on an atom chip.Item Open Access Vibrational quenching of weakly bound cold molecular ions immersed in their parent gas(2020) Jachymski, Krzysztof; Meinert, FlorianHybrid ion–atom systems provide an excellent platform for studies of state-resolved quantum chemistry at low temperatures, where quantum effects may be prevalent. Here we study theoretically the process of vibrational relaxation of an initially weakly bound molecular ion due to collisions with the background gas atoms. We show that this inelastic process is governed by the universal long-range part of the interaction potential, which allows for using simplified model potentials applicable to multiple atomic species. The product distribution after the collision can be estimated by making use of the distorted wave Born approximation. We find that the inelastic collisions lead predominantly to small changes in the binding energy of the molecular ion.Item Open Access Smashing magnets(2016) Ferrier-Barbut, IgorUnderstanding or designing phases of matter relies in the first place on the knowledge at the microscopic level of the interactions taking place between the constituents. In quantum gases, a renewed interest is rising about the interaction between two dipoles, owing to its anisotropic and long-range character. In a new paper, Burdick et al (2016 New J. Phys. 18 113004) demonstrate experimentally the angular-dependence of collisions between two dysprosium atoms, an atomic species that carries a magnetic dipole moment among the largest in the periodic table. This is realized by colliding two 164Dy Bose-Einstein condensates, and the experiments are backed by a theoretical analysis to connect these results with the two-body scattering cross-section. This represents a further step on the way to the full control of dipole-interacting many-body systems.Item Open Access Imaging single Rydberg electrons in a Bose-Einstein condensate(2015) Karpiuk, Tomasz; Brewczyk, Mirosław; Rzążewski, Kazimierz; Gaj, Anita; Balewski, Jonathan B.; Krupp, Alexander T.; Schlagmüller, Michael; Löw, Robert; Hofferberth, Sebastian; Pfau, TilmanThe quantum mechanical states of electrons in atoms and molecules are distinct orbitals, which are fundamental for our understanding of atoms, molecules and solids. Electronic orbitals determine a wide range of basic atomic properties, allowing also for the explanation of many chemical processes. Here, we propose a novel technique to optically image the shape of electron orbitals of neutral atoms using electron-phonon coupling in a Bose-Einstein condensate. To validate our model we carefully analyze the impact of a single Rydberg electron onto a condensate and compare the results to experimental data. Our scheme requires only well-established experimental techniques that are readily available and allows for the direct capture of textbook-like spatial images of single electronic orbitals in a single shot experiment.