Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access Kinetics of the triplet state of 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline from microwave-induced phosphorescence transients(1973) Schweitzer, Dieter; Zuclich, Joseph A.; Maki, August H.The phosphorescent state of 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline doped into single crystals of durene and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene has been studied using several methods based upon optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR). Flash excitation and continuous optical pumping methods are described and analysed. Phosphorescent transient effects caused by spin-lattice relaxation and variable intersystem crossing rates are observed and described using first-order solutions of the appropriate rate equations. The effects of spatial polarization of the phosphorescence (anisotropic spatial distribution of phosphorescence intensity) of single crystals on ODMR signals is observed and discussed. The spatial polarization of emission can cause difficulties in determining relative radiative rate constants of the triplet sublevels in oriented samples, but can yield information about the linear polarization of the emission analogous to that obtained by conventional means using polarizers.Item Open Access Zukunft der Optik(1970) Tiziani, Hans J.Die Optik hat in den letzten Jahren neuen Aufschwung genommen. Mitverantwortlich für diese Entwicklung sind sowohl die Verwendung von leistungsfähigen Computern als auch die Nachfrage nach immer besserer Auflösung und Bildqualität. Besonders positiv haben sich die Entwicklungen des Laser (1960) und der Holographie ausgewirkt. Immer neue Applikationen des gebündelten, kohärenten Laserlichtes werden erschlossen, doch will ich mich in diesem Zusammenhang auf die mögliche Weiterentwlckung der erwähnten Gebiete beschränken.Item Open Access Einige Bemerkungen zur holographischen Meßmethode der optischen Übertragungsfunktion(1972) Tiziani, Hans J.; Aemmer, Adolf H.Die holographische Methode zur Messung optischer Übertragungslfunktionen, 1966 postuliert, wird von einer plankonvexen Linse, die nach den Spezifikationen der 50 mm TestIinse der "SIRA" hergestellt wurde, untersucht. Vor allem wird der Einfluß von Fehlerquellen wie mechanische Instabilitäten und Nichtlinearität der Transparenzfunktion der Photoplatte analysiert. Es werden die experimentell gewonnenen Resultate mit berechneten Funktionen verglichen, die simulierte Abweichungen enthalten.Item Open Access A study of the use of laser speckle to measure small tilts of optically rough surfaces accurately(1972) Tiziani, Hans J.A new method is proposed where small tilts can be measured with high accuracy even in the presence of a lateral shift. For this purpose the speckling of the object, an optically rough surface, is recorded in the Fourier plane before and after a tilt. By illuminating the developed plate with a laser, fringeswith spacings inversely proportional to the tilt angle can be observed.Item Open Access Energy relaxation and intervalley relaxation of hot electrons in n-type germanium(1966) Seeger, Karlheinz; Schweitzer, DieterThe average current density in n-type germanium subjected to superimposed strong ac and weak dc electric fields was both measured and calculated for frequencies of 9 and 35 GHz. Repopulation relaxation of the conduction band valleys and energy relaxation were taken into account. Experimental and theoretical result agree qualitatively.Item Open Access Nuclear magnetic shielding tensors for 1H, 13C, and 15N in organic solids(1975) Spiess, Hans Wolfgang; Haeberlen, Ulrich; Kempf, Jürgen; Schweitzer, DieterA survey will be given of nuclear magnetic shielding tensors obtained by multiple pulse techniques for 1H in carboxylic acids and by high field NMR for 13C in carbonyl- and carboxyl groups of aromatic compounds and for 15N in pyridine and nitrobenzene.Item Open Access 13C nuclear magnetic relaxation studies at 62 MHz(1971) Jaeckle, H.; Haeberlen, Ulrich; Schweitzer, DieterAn apparatus suitable to measure 13C relaxation times T1 and T2 in liquids at 62 MHz is described. The required field of 58 kG is generated by a superconducting magnet. Results of T1 measurements on a variety of liquids, including benzene, derivatives of benzene, saturated rings, CS2, and others are reported. They are discussed in terms of dipole-dipole interactions, spin-rotation interactions and anisotropic chemical shifts, the latter of which turn out to play only a minor role. Intramolecular dipole-dipole interactions are found to provide by far the most important spin-lattice relaxation mechanism, whenever protons are bound directly to the carbons under investigation, even when the samples contain dissolved oxygen.Item Open Access Analysis of mechanical oscillations by speckling(1972) Tiziani, Hans J.The application of the speckle phenomenon to the analysis of in-plane translations and oscillations is first reviewed briefly. Then a practical method of investigating out-of-plane rotations (tilts) even in the presence of in-plane movements is studied. This goal can be achieved by recording the speckle patterns in the Fourier transform plane before and after the tilt or as a time-average exposure for an oscillating object. Young’s fringes related to the tilts are observed in the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern when the developed photographic plate is illuminated with coherent light. This leads to a very simple engineering tool for the analysis of movements. Theoretical and experimental results will be shown.Item Open Access Optically detected magnetic resonance of the tryptophan phosphorescent state in native proteins(1973) Zuclich, Joseph A.; Schweitzer, Dieter; Maki, August H.The phosphorescent triplet state of tryptophan has been studied by the method of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) at pumped helium temperatures in zero magnetic field. Only one of the triplet sublevels is found to be significantly radiative; the other two decay radiationlessly. Although the phosphorescence and ODMR decay lifetimes are influenced by spin-Ianice relaxation processes at T = 1·3°K. the lifetime of the radiative level can be estimated as approximately 2 s, whereas the lifetimes of the non radiative levels are in excess of 10 s. Comparison of the ODMR signals and the phosphorescence spectra has been made for tryptophans in native proteins with the following results: the ODMR signals of the two types of tryptophan sites in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase can be resolved due to a shift in the D and E values of the respective triplet states; binding of the substrate tri-N-acetylglucosamine to hen lysozyme leads to a considerable narrowing of the phosphorescence peaks and ODMR signals as well as to a shift in the E value oflhe triplet state. The following tentative conclusions can be reached: the tryptophan triplet D and E values are measurably affected by the environment of the chromophore in the protein, as are the linewidths of the magnetic resonance transitions. The IEI value is reduced and the magnetic resonance linewidth is increased with increasing exposure of the tryptophan to hydroxylic solvent. Although a considerable part of the width of the magnetic resonance transition can be ascribed to a heterogeneity of environments in the sample, there appears to exist an intrinsic line-broadening process which at present is not understood.Item Open Access Quantum generation and detection of incoherent phonons in superconductors(1967) Eisenmenger, Wolfgang; Dayem, Aly H.The energy gaps in the quasiparticle excitation spectrum of superconductors cover a corresponding frequency range from about 1 to 1000 GHz. The relaxation and recombination of excited quasiparticles occur mostly via electron-phonon interaction. Thus a superconductor may be utilized as a quantum phonon generator and detector in a frequency range where conventional means of generation become prohibitively difficult. We report on experiments designed to investigate the possibility of using super conducting tunnel diodes for phonon generation and detection.