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Item Open Access Identification of the first sulfobetaine hydrogel‐binding peptides via phage display assay(2023) Ihlenburg, Ramona B. J.; Petracek, David; Schrank, Paul; Davari, Mehdi D.; Taubert, Andreas; Rothenstein, DirkUsing the M13 phage display, a series of 7- and 12-mer peptides which interact with new sulfobetaine hydrogels are identified. Two peptides each from the 7- and 12-mer peptide libraries bind to the new sulfobetaine hydrogels with high affinity compared to the wild-type phage lacking a dedicated hydrogel binding peptide. This is the first report of peptides binding to zwitterionic sulfobetaine hydrogels and the study therefore opens up the pathway toward new phage or peptide/hydrogel hybrids with high application potential.Item Open Access Designing covalent organic framework‐based light‐driven microswimmers toward therapeutic applications(2023) Sridhar, Varun; Yildiz, Erdost; Rodríguez‐Camargo, Andrés; Lyu, Xianglong; Yao, Liang; Wrede, Paul; Aghakhani, Amirreza; Akolpoglu, Birgul M.; Podjaski, Filip; Lotsch, Bettina V.; Sitti, MetinWhile micromachines with tailored functionalities enable therapeutic applications in biological environments, their controlled motion and targeted drug delivery in biological media require sophisticated designs for practical applications. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new generation of crystalline and nanoporous polymers, offer new perspectives for light‐driven microswimmers in heterogeneous biological environments including intraocular fluids, thus setting the stage for biomedical applications such as retinal drug delivery. Two different types of COFs, uniformly spherical TABP‐PDA‐COF sub‐micrometer particles and texturally nanoporous, micrometer‐sized TpAzo‐COF particles are described and compared as light‐driven microrobots. They can be used as highly efficient visible‐light‐driven drug carriers in aqueous ionic and cellular media. Their absorption ranging down to red light enables phototaxis even in deeper and viscous biological media, while the organic nature of COFs ensures their biocompatibility. Their inherently porous structures with ≈2.6 and ≈3.4 nm pores, and large surface areas allow for targeted and efficient drug loading even for insoluble drugs, which can be released on demand. Additionally, indocyanine green (ICG) dye loading in the pores enables photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography, and hyperthermia in operando conditions. This real‐time visualization of the drug‐loaded COF microswimmers enables unique insights into the action of photoactive porous drug carriers for therapeutic applications.Item Open Access Preparation of multifunctional hydrogels with accessible isothiouronium groups via radical cross-linking copolymerization(2023) Grübel, Jana; L. Albernaz, Vanessa; Tsianaka, Anastasia; Jauch, Corinna O.; Quirin, Silia; Kerger, Christian; Kohl, Christina G.; Burger-Kentischer, Anke; Tovar, Günter E. M.; Southan, AlexanderHydrogels can be equipped with functional groups for specific purposes. Isothiouronium groups can enhance adsorptivity, or allow coupling of other functional groups through mild reactions after transformation to thiol groups. Here we present a method to prepare multifunctional hydrogels by introducing isothiouronium groups into poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels, and convert them into thiol-functionalized hydrogels by the reduction of the isothiouronium groups. For this purpose, the amphiphilic monomer 2-(11-(acryloyloxy)-undecyl)isothiouronium bromide (AUITB), containing an isothiouronium group, was synthesized and copolymerized with PEGDA. In this convenient way, it was possible to incorporate up to 3 wt% AUITB into the hydrogels without changing their equilibrium swelling degree. The successful functionalization was demonstrated by surface analysis of the hydrogels with water contact angle measurements and increased isoelectric points of the hydrogel surfaces from 4.5 to 9.0 due to the presence of the isothiouronium groups. The hydrogels showed a suitability as an adsorbent, as exemplified by the pronounced adsorption of the anionic drug diclofenac. The potential of the functionalization for (bio)conjugation reactions was demonstrated by the reduction of isothiouronium groups to thiols and subsequent immobilization of the functional enzyme horseradish peroxidase on the hydrogels. The results show that fully accessible isothiouronium groups can be introduced into radically cross-linked hydrogels.Item Open Access Application of ion chromatography for the reliable quantification of ammonium in electrochemical ammonia synthesis experiments : a practical guide(2023) Bragulla, Sebastian C. H.; Lorenz, Julian; Harms, Corinna; Wark, Michael; Friedrich, K. AndreasAssessing novel electrocatalysts for the electrochemical ammonia synthesis (EAS) requires reliable quantitative trace analysis of electrochemically produced ammonia to infer activity and selectivity. This study concerns the development of an ion chromatography (IC) method for quantitative trace analysis of ammonium in 0.1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte, which is applied to EAS gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) experiments with commercial chromium nitride as electrocatalyst. The developed IC method is highly sensitive, versatile, and reliable, achieving a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6 μg l-1 (6 ppbmol) ammonium. The impacts of the sample matrix, dilution, and neutralization, as well as contamination, on the quantitative analysis by IC are analyzed. Experimental constraints result in an effective LOQ including dilution of 60 μg l-1 for the determination of ammonium in 0.1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte, owing to necessary sample dilution. The practical guide presented herein is intended to be very relevant for the field of EAS as a guideline and applicable to a broad range of catalyst systems and ion chromatography devices.Item Open Access Untersuchung von aluminiumreichen Zeolithkatalysatoren ohne große Hohlräume zur Dehydratisierung von Milchsäure zu Acrylsäure(2023) Häussermann, Dorothea; Traa, Yvonne (apl. Prof. Dr.)Um erdöl-basierte Grundchemikalien zukünftig bio-basiert herzustellen, müssen bio-basierte Plattformchemikalien effizient umgesetzt werden können. Acrylsäure könnte beispielsweise aus bio-basierter Milchsäure hergestellt werden. Dazu fehlt bislang noch ein geeigneter Katalysator. In dieser Arbeit sollen Zeolithkatalysatoren für diese Reaktion systematisch untersucht werden. Für eine belastbare Bestimmung der katalytischen Leistung werden vergleichende Voruntersuchungen durchgeführt. Dadurch soll sichergestellt werden, dass die katalytischen Messungen zuverlässig sind. Die katalytischen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die aluminiumreichen 12-Ring-Zeolithkatalysatoren eher ungeeignet für die Milchsäuredehydratisierung sind. Die ausschließlich Lewis-sauren 12-Ring-Zeolithkatalysatoren zeigen einen schnellen Rückgang der Acrylsäure-Selektivität, aufgrund der starken Adsorption von Milchsäure. Die 12-Ring-Katalysatoren, bei denen Brønsted-Säurezentren vorhanden sind, haben eine sehr hohe Acetaldehyd-Selektivität und sind daher ebenfalls ungeeignet. Die mittelporigen Zeolithkatalysatoren sind vielversprechende Katalysatoren. Mit abnehmendem Aluminiumgehalt steigt die Acrylsäure-Selektivität. Die Katalysatoren zeigen ein stationäres Reaktionsverhalten. Der Austausch von Natrium gegen Kalium steigert die Acrylsäure-Selektivität signifikant. Bei den engporigen Zeolithkatalysatoren findet die katalytische Reaktion auf der äußeren Oberfläche statt und nicht im Porensystem. Bei einem ausgeglichenen Säure-Base-Verhältnis kann Acrylsäure auf der äußeren Oberfläche gebildet werden. Allerdings wird auch 2,3-Pentandion gebildet, da es keine dirigierenden Effekte durch die Poren gibt. Ist der Katalysator jedoch zu nukleophil, dann wird überwiegend Acetaldehyd gebildet. Na-SAPO-42 ist für die Milchsäuredehydratisierung ungeeignet, da die schwachen Säurezentren und die stark nukleophilen Gittersauerstoffatome nicht die entsprechende Balance erreichen, um Milchsäure zu dehydratisieren. An amorphem Silica-Alumina kann keine Acrylsäure gebildet werden, da überwiegend starke Lewis-Säurezentren vorhanden sind, die die Decarbonylierung katalysieren. Am Beispiel des engporigen Zeoliths PHI kann gezeigt werden, dass die Syntheseparameter einen deutlichen Einfluss auf den synthetisierten Katalysator und seine katalytische Leistung haben. Bei einer dichten Struktur muss die Reaktion auf der äußeren Oberfläche stattfinden, dadurch finden weniger Folgereaktionen statt und die gebildete Acrylsäure kann die Katalysatoroberfläche schnell wieder verlassen. Auch hier wird deshalb 2,3-Pentandion gebildet. Ist das enge Porensystem dagegen zugänglich beziehungsweise teilweise zugänglich ist, dann können aufgrund der langsamen Diffusion Folgereaktionen ablaufen, und die Acrylsäure-Selektivität ist gering.Item Open Access Recent advances in biosurfactant-based association colloids : self-assembly in water(2023) Hellweg, Thomas; Sottmann, Thomas; Oberdisse, JulianRecent studies of self-assembly in binary systems of bio-surfactants, either of microbial origin or saponins extracted from plants, are reviewed. Saponins in water reported in the first section include aescin, glycyrrhizin, and quillaja saponins, while rhamnolipids are discussed in the second section on microbial surfactants. Studies of surface activities are a natural starting point of the characterization of surfactants, but here we focus mainly on physico-chemical and structural properties of self-assembled bulk structures in solution, often characterized by scattering techniques. When quantitative modelling is performed, self-assembly parameters like aggregation numbers, head group areas, and resulting shapes can be followed as a function of physical-chemical parameters like concentration, composition, temperature, or pH. Morphologies include micelles and their structural evolution with addition of other bio- or synthetic surfactants, co-surfactants, proteins or phospholipids.Item Open Access Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of the new laminar quaternary tellurides SrLnCuTe3 (Ln = Sm, Gd-Tm and Lu)(2023) Ruseikina, Anna V.; Grigoriev, Maxim V.; Molokeev, Maxim S.; Garmonov, Alexander A.; Elyshev, Andrey V.; Locke, Ralf J. C.; Schleid, ThomasThis paper reports for the first time on the new laminar quaternary orthorhombic heterometallic quaternary tellurides SrLnCuTe3, the fabrication of which has been a challenge until this work. Data on the crystal structure of tellurides complete the series of quaternary strontium chalcogenides SrLnCuCh3 (Ch = S, Se, Te). Single crystals of the compounds were synthesized from the elements by the halogenide-flux method at 1070 K. The compounds are crystallizing in two space groups Pnma (Ln = Sm, Gd and Tb) and Cmcm (Ln = Dy-Tm and Lu). For SrSmCuTe3 (a = 11.4592(7), b = 4.3706(3), c = 14.4425(9) Å, space group: Pnma) with the largest lanthanoid cation, Sr2+ shows C.N. = 7, whereas Sm3+ reveals a diminished coordination number C.N. = 6. For SrLuCuTe3 (a = 4.3064(3), b = 14.3879(9), c = 11.1408(7) Å, space group: Cmcm) with the smallest lanthanoid cation, coordination numbers of six are realized for both high-charged cations (Sr2+ and Lu3+: C.N. = 6). The cations Sr2+, Ln3+, Cu+ each take independent positions. The structures are built by distorted [CuTe4]7- tetrahedra, forming the infinite chains {∞1[Cu(Te1)1/1t(Te2)1/1t(Te3)2/2e]5−} along [010] in SrLnCuTe3 (Ln = Sm, Gd and Tb) and [100] in SrLnCuTe3 (Ln = Dy-Tm and Lu). The distortion of the polyhedra [CuTe4]7- was compared for the whole series SrLnCuTe3 by means of τ4-descriptor for the four coordinating Te2- anions, which revealed a decrease in the degree of distortion with a decreasing radius at Ln3+. The distorted octahedra [LnTe6]9- form layers {∞2[Ln(Te1)2/2(Te2)2/2(Te3)2/2]3−}. The distorted octahedra and tetrahedra fuse to form parallel layers {∞2[CuLnTe3]2−} and between them, the Sr2+ cations providing three-dimensionality of the structure are located. In the SrLnCuTe3 (Ln = Sm, Gd and Tb) structures, the Sr2+ cations center capped the trigonal prisms [SrTe6+1]12−, united in infinite chains {∞1[Sr(Te1)2/2(Te2)3/3(Te3)2/2]4−} along the [100] direction. The domains of existence of the Ba2MnS3, BaLaCuS3, Eu2CuS3 and KZrCuS3 structure types are defined in the series of orthorhombic chalcogenides SrLnCuCh3 (Ch = S, Se and Te). The tellurides SrLnCuTe3 (Ln = Tb-Er) of both structure types in the temperature range from 2 up to 300 K are paramagnetic, without showing clear signs of a magnetic phase transition.Item Open Access Comparison of electrochemically deposited Bi and Sn catalysts onto gas diffusion electrodes for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction to formate(2023) Manolova, Mila; Hildebrand, Joachim; Hertle, Sebastian; Sörgel, Şeniz; Kassner, Holger; Klemm, EliasIn this publication, we report about the selectivity and stability of bismuth (Bi)- and tin (Sn)-based electrocatalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) for formate production. Bismuth and tin were successfully electrodeposited using the pulse plating technique on top of and inside of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs). The distribution of the catalyst throughout the thickness of the gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy and computer tomography; it was found that the catalyst morphology determines the performance of the electrode. Inhomogeneous deposits, with their enlarged catalyst surface area, provide more active centres for the eCO2RR, resulting in increased Faraday efficiency (FE) for formate. The initial electrochemical characterisation tests of the bismuth- and tin-loaded GDEs were carried out under laboratory operating conditions at an industrially relevant current density of 200 mA·cm-2; complete Sn dissolution with a subsequent deformation of the GDL was observed. In contrast to these results, no leaching of the electrodeposited Bi catalyst was observed. An FE of 94.2% towards formate was achieved on these electrodes. Electrodes based on an electrodeposited Bi catalyst on an in-house prepared GDL are stable after 23 h time-on-stream at 200 mA·cm-2 and have very good selectivity for formate.Item Open Access Chemical design and probing of novel molecular 2-qubit systems(2023) Schäfter, Dennis; Slageren, Joris van (Prof. Dr.)Item Open Access Sulfur‐composites derived from poly(acrylonitrile) and poly(vinylacetylene) : a comparative study on the role of pyridinic and thioamidic nitrogen(2023) Kappler, Julian; Klostermann, Sina V.; Lange, Pia L.; Dyballa, Michael; Veith, Lothar; Schleid, Thomas; Weil, Tanja; Kästner, Johannes; Buchmeiser, Michael R.Sulfurized poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN) is a prominent example of a highly cycle stable and rate capable sulfur/polymer composite, which is solely based on covalently bound sulfur. However, so far no in‐depth study on the influence of nitrogen in the carbonaceous backbone, to which sulfur in the form of thioketones and poly(sulfides) is attached, exists. Herein, we investigated the role of nitrogen by comparing sulfur/polymer composites derived from nitrogen‐containing poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) and nitrogen‐free poly(vinylacetylene) (PVac). Results strongly indicate the importance of a nitrogen‐rich, aromatic carbon backbone to ensure full addressability of the polymer‐bound sulfur and its reversible binding to the aromatic backbone, even at high current rates. This study also presents key structures, which are crucial for highly cycle and rate stable S‐composites.