Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access Comprehensive study of failure mechanisms of field-aged automotive lead batteries(2023) Conradt, Rafael; Schröer, Philipp; Dazer, Martin; Wirth, Jonathan; Jöris, Florian; Schulte, Dominik; Birke, Kai PeterModern vehicles have increasing safety requirements and a need for reliable low-voltage power supply in their on-board power supply systems. Understanding the causes and probabilities of failures in a 12 V power supply is crucial. Field analyses of aged and failed 12 V lead batteries can provide valuable insights regarding this topic. In a previous study, non-invasive electrical testing was used to objectively determine the reasons for failure and the lifetime of individual batteries. By identifying all of the potential failure mechanisms, the Latin hypercube sampling method was found to effectively reduce the required sample size. To ensure sufficient confidence in validating diagnostic algorithms and calculating time-dependent failure rates, all identified aging phenomena must be considered. This study presents a probability distribution of the failure mechanisms that occur in the field, as well as provides insights into potential opportunities, but it also challenges diagnostic approaches for current and future vehicles.Item Open Access Designing actuation concepts for adaptive slabs with integrated fluidic actuators using influence matrices(2022) Nitzlader, Markus; Steffen, Simon; Bosch, Matthias J.; Binz, Hansgeorg; Kreimeyer, Matthias; Blandini, LucioPrevious work has shown that floor slabs make up most of the material mass of building structures and are typically made of reinforced concrete. Considering the associated resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, new approaches are needed in order to reduce the built environment’s impact on the ongoing climate crisis. Various studies have demonstrated that adaptive building structures offer a potential solution for reducing material resource consumption and associated emissions. Adaptive structures have the ability to improve load-bearing performance by specifically reacting to external loads. This work applies the concept of adaptive structures to reinforced concrete slabs through the integration of fluidic actuators into the cross-section. The optimal integration of actuators in reinforced concrete slabs is a challenging interdisciplinary design problem that involves many parameters. In this work, actuation influence matrices are extended to slabs and used as an analysis and evaluation tool for deriving actuation concepts for adaptive slabs with integrated fluidic actuators. To define requirements for the actuator concept, a new procedure for the selection of actuation modes, actuator placement and the computation of actuation forces is developed. This method can also be employed to compute the required number of active elements for a given load case. The new method is highlighted in a case study of a 2 m × 2 m floor.Item Open Access Water level monitoring at SAPOS stations through GNSS-IR : a case study at the station Iffezheim(2023) Wagner, Sven B.The German SAPOS-Network comprises approximately 270 permanent GNSS receivers, capturing signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. Primarily employed for generating kinematic, mathematical, and physical models within their respective regions, these receivers hold untapped potential for alternative applications. GNSS receivers capture multipath errors, typically considered unwanted interferences resulting from signal reflections off surfaces beneath the antenna. Despite their potential to adversely affect data precision, these interferences contain valuable information about the reflecting surface. As satellites pass through the receivers’ field of view at specific elevation angles, the interference between the direct and reflected signals leads to constructive and destructive patterns. This phenomenon occurs due to variations in signal phase between the direct and reflected signal, enhancing or dampening the signal strength. These variations in signal strength are captured in the satellites Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) data. Spectral analysis of the SNR data can be used to determine the frequency of the interference pattern. Combining this frequency with the corresponding signal wavelength and satellite elevation angles allows the calculation of the vertical distance between the antenna phase centre and the reflecting surface on Earth. This method, known as GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR), provides a valuable means of monitoring surface information, including soil moisture, snow depth, and water levels. At SAPOS stations near rivers and water bodies, GNSS-IR offers a cost-effective, accessible, and innovative opportunity to gather water level information using the already existing infrastructure. This research explores the potential of GNSSIR for water level monitoring at SAPOS stations focusing on the Iffezheim station along the Rhine River near the City of Karlsruhe in southern Germany.Item Open Access Application-specific UML profiles for multidisciplinary product data integration(2011) Reichwein, Axel; Rudolph, Stephan (Priv.Doz. Dr.-Ing.)This thesis examines the suitability of the UnifiedModeling Language (UML) to establish a central product model for multidisciplinary product data integration. Computer-aided product design involves the use of specialized discipline-specific software applications in order to model and simulate various product aspects. Dependencies between models are thereby frequent as the same product information often appears redundantly in various engineering models. In addition, dependencies exist due to relationships between distinct features of various models. As a result, model modifications frequently require the update of dependent models. Data consistency between models is achieved automatically through model-to-model data exchange software. The use of a central product model enables to reduce the required number of data exchange connections. Central product models store product information which is spread across several models and achieve data consistency through data exchange connections between themselves and specific models as in a hub-and-spoke network. Central product models are especially useful for automatic data consistency in design scenarios which include a high number of inter-model dependencies and model modifications. The integration of geometry and therefrom derived models such as structural analysis or computational fluid dynamics models has already been successfully addressed in numerous central product models. However, the multidisciplinary integration of more diverse models, such as geometric, software, controller and multibody system models, currently presents a challenge. Although several central product models have been developed for multidisciplinary design, none has yet gained, in contrast to geometry-focused central product models, wide acceptance nor reached the status of an international standard. The unmanageable high number of diverse discipline- and application-specific modeling concepts hinders the development of a standardized holistic central product representation. This thesis investigates the possibility of establishing an interdisciplinary central product model based on the common modular structure of models from various disciplines. Most models which are edited with current state-of-the-art software applications are composed of modular components in order to support the exchange and reuse of model information. Models from different disciplines therefore share common modeling concepts for the specification of modular model components. However, there is yet no overarching modeling standard to describe the common characteristics of modular model components from various disciplines. Object-oriented modeling concepts currently mainly describe software modules called objects. Object-oriented modeling concepts are generic and can be used to represent modular components in general. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has been since its emergence in 1997 the de facto standard for object-oriented modeling. This thesis examines the use of the object-oriented modeling concepts of the UML to uniformly describe widely used application-specific geometric, dynamic and multibody system models in a central product model. Application-specific model information was represented in UML through generic UML modeling concepts in combination with lightweight UML extensions in the form of stereotypes. UML profiles regrouped stereotypes which corresponded to a specific modeling application. The automatic translation of UML model information into the specific models and vice versa was implemented in order to test and validate the application-specific UML profiles. The UML-based central product model was used in several test cases to automatically generate consistent models for the simulation and evaluation of various product configurations. The test cases included models for the simulation of slider-crank mechanisms, the evaluation of cabin pressure control systems, the design of conveyor system configurations, the evaluation of satellite configurations and the generation of customized aircraft geometry. The workflows within the test cases included the automatic creation and modification of UML models as well as the invocation of data exchange connections. The workflows were described in executable UML activity diagrams or Java programs. The thesis demonstrates that the UML can be used beyond conventional software modeling to establish a central holistic product representation. The modeling concepts of geometric, dynamic and multibody system models were translated mostly according to one-to-one mappings into corresponding UML modeling concepts with their respective stereotype. As a result, the specific model information is easily recognizable in the UML-based central product model. Furthermore, the use of a UML-based central product model is facilitated for the many modelers who are already familiar with the widespread and standardized UML modeling language.Item Open Access A MATLAB toolbox for the Scintrex CG-5 gravimeter at GIS(2017) Gu, SiyunThis thesis is about a MATLAB toolbox for the Scintrex CG-5 gravimeter. The aim of this toolbox is to offer a basic data process for gravity measurement, which is compatible for most applications in geodesy. In particular, the toolbox covers: 1. data selection, 2. adjustment, 3. gravity gradient computation, 4. gravity visualization, 5. calibration factor estimation. A graphical user interface enables users without deeper programming knowledge to operate this toolbox and obtain the results like adjusted values or figures.Item Open Access Fatigue of Al thin films at ultra high frequencies(2005) Eberl, Christoph; Arzt, Eduard (Prof. Dr. phil.)Ultra high-cycle fatigue at frequencies in the GHz regime leads to a characteristic void and extrusion formation in patterned metal thin films. Resulting from the microstructural damage formation a significant degradation in form of a shift of the resonance frequency and failures by short circuits in Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) test devices take place. To study fatigue at ultra high cycles, SAW test devices were used to test continuous and patterned Al thin films at ultra high frequencies. For stress amplitudes as low as 14 MPa lifetime measurements showed no fatigue limit for 400 nm Al thin films. The resulting damage sites appeared in regions of cyclic stress concentration as identified by Finite Element Analysis. In situ measurements revealed that the characteristic extrusion/void formation mechanism operates on a short time scale. The post-test analysis of microstructural changes reveals extrusion and void formation concentrated at grain boundaries. This finding and the observed grain growth indicates a high material flux at the grain boundaries induced by the cyclic load. Quantitative analysis also shows a correlation between extrusion density and electrical devices performance. This direct correlation shows a functional agreement with a common theory on the influence of crack density on intrinsic stresses in thin metal films. Advanced Finite Element (FEM) calculations simulate very well the sensitivity of the resonance frequency to damage structure in interconnects such as cracks, voids and extrusions. The experimentally observed linear correlation between damage density and frequency shift is reproduced by the FEM model. The estimation of the short circuit probability from the extrusion length distribution revealed an exponential dependency on the electrode distance. The observed damage formation is explained by the combined action of dislocation motion and stress-induced diffusion processes.Item Open Access Comparison of different strategies to include structural mechanics in the optimization process of an axial turbine’s runner blade(2025) Fraas, Stefan; Tismer, Alexander; Riedelbauch, StefanDifferent strategies to include structural mechanical aspects in the design process of hydraulic machines are compared. Therefore, an axial turbine’s runner blade is optimized using evolutionary algorithms. Four different setups with a scalar objective function are investigated. In the first two setups, structural mechanical aspects are added to the optimization process as a constraint, once with a penalty term and once with a modified selection operator. If structural mechanical aspects are considered as a constraint, the risk of a premature convergence increases. For this reason, additionally, two setups including the minimization of the maximum stress as an objective within a scalar objective function are analyzed. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization with resolution of the Pareto front is performed. The differences in the results regarding fitness between the setups using a scalar objective function are small. However, the best result is found for a setup where the minimization of the stress is added as an objective. This demonstrates the risk of a premature convergence involved with constraint handling strategies. The worst result is found for the multi-objective optimization with resolution of the Pareto front, most likely due to a less directed search.Item Open Access Bemannte Missionen zum Mars mit kontinuierlichen Antrieben(2005) Schmidt, Tanja D.; Auweter-Kurtz, Monika (Prof. Dr.-Ing habil.)Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden bemannte Missionen zum Mars für unterschiedliche Antriebskonzepte im Hinblick auf Flexibilität, kurze Gesamtmissionsdauern, kurze Transferzeiten und moderate Startmassen untersucht und verglichen. Die untersuchten Antriebskonzepte sind kontinuierliche elektrische Antriebe sowie chemische und nuklear-thermische Antriebe, die zur Kategorie der impulsiven Antriebe gehören. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hierzu erstellten Programme bzw. Routinen zur Bahnsimulation und -optimierung werden vorgestellt. Es werden die Ergebnisse einer detaillierten, systematischen Bahnanalyse für helio- und planetozentrische Bahnen und für Rundreise-Missionen aufgezeigt. Speziell für die kontinuierlichen elektrischen Antriebe werden Variationen der Antriebsparameter (Schub, spezifischer Impuls und Triebwerkswirkungsgrad) durchgeführt und deren Einfluß auf Flugzeit und Startmasse bzw. Treibstoffmasse untersucht. Es werden die hierfür notwendigen minimalen Antriebsparameter für bemannte Marsmissionen ausgearbeitet und verschiedene elektrische Antriebskonzepte hinsichtlich Anwendbarkeit untersucht. Die atmosphärischen Flugsegmente einer solchen Mission werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit mittels Literaturstudien untersucht. Die in der Literatur diskutierten Konzepte für Schwerlaststartraketen an der Erde, Marsaufstiegsfahrzeuge sowie Aermanöver-Vehikel für Mars und Erde werden hinsichtlich Anwendbarkeit für bemannte Marsmissionen evaluiert und Konzeptvorschläge ausgearbeitet. Neben dem Antriebssystem werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Lebenserhaltung, Habitate und die Energieversorgung untersucht. Es werden Modelle für diese Subsysteme erstellt und verschiedene Konzepte miteinander verglichen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit wird ein Konzeptvorschlag einer bemannten Marsmission mit kurzer Gesamtmissionsdauer unter Verwendung kontinuierlicher elektrischer Antriebe vorgestellt.Item Open Access Engine-airframe integration : from Froude theorem to numerical flow simulation(2026) Hartmann, Jan; Staudacher, StephanThe reduction of the overall emissions of the aviation sector require the improvement of the overall aircraft efficiency. In the current aircraft design, the airframe and the propulsion system are designed separately and expected to reach limits for the overall aircraft efficiency. The integration of the engine into the airframe and the implementation of boundary layer ingestion (BLI) is a promising concept to improve the overall aircraft efficiency. However, this integration alters the engine intake flow and influences the intake characteristics significantly. In this study, numerical simulations as well as water channel experiments are performed to get insights into the challenges that occur due to BLI. An actuator disc simulation is performed to validate the Froude theorem with the numerical simulations. The water channel experiments are used to perform BLI experiments for different fuselage contours and operation points of the engine. In the last step, numerical simulations of the flow into an under-wing intake are compared to an BLI intake. The studies show that the BLI can cause flow separation in different regions of the intake and the intake characteristic is altered.Item Open Access Verbrennung von Aktiniden aus Leichtwasserreaktoren in modularen Hochtemperaturreaktoren zur Reduzierung langlebiger Nuklide(2012) Meier, Astrid; Lohnert, Günther (Prof. Ph.D.)In Leichtwasserreaktoren (LWR) entstehen langlebige und radiologisch toxische Nuklide, wie z. B. Plutonium und Minore Aktinide (Neptunium, Americium, Curium, ...), die nach der Brennelemententnahme für lange Zeit sicher verwahrt werden müssen. Zur Reduzierung des hochradioaktiven, langlebigen Materials wird unter anderem an der Umwandlung mittels Transmutation und Kernspaltung in kurzlebige Nuklide geforscht. Als Transmutationssyteme werden Generation-IV-Reaktoren und beschleunigergetriebene Systeme untersucht. Einer der Generation-IV-Reaktoren ist der grafitmoderierte, Helium gekühlte Hochtemperatur-Kugelhaufen-Reaktor (HTR). Die Vorteile des HTR ist zum einen die Brennelementstruktur, durch die hohe Abbrände möglich sind. Außerdem die inhärente Sicherheit, das heißt es ist möglich, den Reaktor ohne aktive Systeme in einen sicheren Zustand zu bringen, ohne dabei die Strukturen zu zerstören oder radioaktive Substanzen freizusetzen. In dieser Arbeit werden die aus den abgebrannten LWR-Brennelementen extrahierten Nuklide Plutonium, Neptunium und Americium zu neuem Brennstoff verarbeitet und in einen HTR eingesetzt. Das Ziel ist es, den Großteil der langlebigen Nuklide umzuwandeln, um damit die Menge langlebiger Nuklide und Toxizitäten im abgebrannten Brennelement zu reduzieren. Dafür wird der höchstmögliche Abbrand bestimmt. Die Grundidee stammt aus dem Projekt „Plutonium and Minor Actinides Waste Management“ (PuMA) der Europäischen Union. Die Definition der Brennelement- und Reaktorgeometrie werden aus diesem Projekt entnommen. Der Referenzreaktor ist nahezu identisch zum südafrikanischen Hochtemperaturreaktor mit 400 MW_th Leistung und fester Grafitinnensäule (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor PBMR-400). Es zeigt sich, dass der maximale mittlere Entladeabbrand unterhalb von 700 MWd/kg SM liegt und nicht wesentlich von der geometrischen Form der Kugelschüttung beeinflusst wird. Untersucht wird außerdem das Verhalten des mit Plutonium- und Minoren Aktiniden-Brennstoff gefüllten stationären HTR im Vergleich zu dem mit Uran-Brennstoff betriebenen. Durch den veränderten Spaltstoff ist das Verhalten des Reaktors unterschiedlich, z. B. bei Temperaturänderung oder im Störfall. Die Temperaturen in den Plutonium- und Minoren Aktiniden-Brennelementen sind weit über den erlaubten Grenztemperaturen. Dies resultiert aus der veränderten Abbrand- und Leistungsverteilung im Vergleich zum Uran beladenen Reaktor. Eine Änderung des Reaktorkonzepts zu dem vorgegebenen Referenzsystem ist daher notwendig. Mittels verschiedener Variationen wird nach Verbesserungen gesucht. Die veränderte Nuklidzusammensetzung, deren Radiotoxizitäten und die Wärmefreisetzung der abgebrannten Brennelemente werden ebenfalls analysiert. Direkt nach Brennelemententnahme sind die Radiotoxizitäten und die Nachzerfallsleistung größer als die des frischen HTR-Brennelements, während das Abklingen dieser Werte schneller erfolgt. Durch die Forderung eines Zwischenlagers wäre es möglich, die Größe des Endlagers zu reduzieren und dadurch die Gesamtkosten zu verringern.