Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access Comprehensive study of failure mechanisms of field-aged automotive lead batteries(2023) Conradt, Rafael; Schröer, Philipp; Dazer, Martin; Wirth, Jonathan; Jöris, Florian; Schulte, Dominik; Birke, Kai PeterModern vehicles have increasing safety requirements and a need for reliable low-voltage power supply in their on-board power supply systems. Understanding the causes and probabilities of failures in a 12 V power supply is crucial. Field analyses of aged and failed 12 V lead batteries can provide valuable insights regarding this topic. In a previous study, non-invasive electrical testing was used to objectively determine the reasons for failure and the lifetime of individual batteries. By identifying all of the potential failure mechanisms, the Latin hypercube sampling method was found to effectively reduce the required sample size. To ensure sufficient confidence in validating diagnostic algorithms and calculating time-dependent failure rates, all identified aging phenomena must be considered. This study presents a probability distribution of the failure mechanisms that occur in the field, as well as provides insights into potential opportunities, but it also challenges diagnostic approaches for current and future vehicles.Item Open Access Designing actuation concepts for adaptive slabs with integrated fluidic actuators using influence matrices(2022) Nitzlader, Markus; Steffen, Simon; Bosch, Matthias J.; Binz, Hansgeorg; Kreimeyer, Matthias; Blandini, LucioPrevious work has shown that floor slabs make up most of the material mass of building structures and are typically made of reinforced concrete. Considering the associated resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, new approaches are needed in order to reduce the built environment’s impact on the ongoing climate crisis. Various studies have demonstrated that adaptive building structures offer a potential solution for reducing material resource consumption and associated emissions. Adaptive structures have the ability to improve load-bearing performance by specifically reacting to external loads. This work applies the concept of adaptive structures to reinforced concrete slabs through the integration of fluidic actuators into the cross-section. The optimal integration of actuators in reinforced concrete slabs is a challenging interdisciplinary design problem that involves many parameters. In this work, actuation influence matrices are extended to slabs and used as an analysis and evaluation tool for deriving actuation concepts for adaptive slabs with integrated fluidic actuators. To define requirements for the actuator concept, a new procedure for the selection of actuation modes, actuator placement and the computation of actuation forces is developed. This method can also be employed to compute the required number of active elements for a given load case. The new method is highlighted in a case study of a 2 m × 2 m floor.Item Open Access Water level monitoring at SAPOS stations through GNSS-IR : a case study at the station Iffezheim(2023) Wagner, Sven B.The German SAPOS-Network comprises approximately 270 permanent GNSS receivers, capturing signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. Primarily employed for generating kinematic, mathematical, and physical models within their respective regions, these receivers hold untapped potential for alternative applications. GNSS receivers capture multipath errors, typically considered unwanted interferences resulting from signal reflections off surfaces beneath the antenna. Despite their potential to adversely affect data precision, these interferences contain valuable information about the reflecting surface. As satellites pass through the receivers’ field of view at specific elevation angles, the interference between the direct and reflected signals leads to constructive and destructive patterns. This phenomenon occurs due to variations in signal phase between the direct and reflected signal, enhancing or dampening the signal strength. These variations in signal strength are captured in the satellites Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) data. Spectral analysis of the SNR data can be used to determine the frequency of the interference pattern. Combining this frequency with the corresponding signal wavelength and satellite elevation angles allows the calculation of the vertical distance between the antenna phase centre and the reflecting surface on Earth. This method, known as GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR), provides a valuable means of monitoring surface information, including soil moisture, snow depth, and water levels. At SAPOS stations near rivers and water bodies, GNSS-IR offers a cost-effective, accessible, and innovative opportunity to gather water level information using the already existing infrastructure. This research explores the potential of GNSSIR for water level monitoring at SAPOS stations focusing on the Iffezheim station along the Rhine River near the City of Karlsruhe in southern Germany.Item Open Access Comparison of different strategies to include structural mechanics in the optimization process of an axial turbine’s runner blade(2025) Fraas, Stefan; Tismer, Alexander; Riedelbauch, StefanDifferent strategies to include structural mechanical aspects in the design process of hydraulic machines are compared. Therefore, an axial turbine’s runner blade is optimized using evolutionary algorithms. Four different setups with a scalar objective function are investigated. In the first two setups, structural mechanical aspects are added to the optimization process as a constraint, once with a penalty term and once with a modified selection operator. If structural mechanical aspects are considered as a constraint, the risk of a premature convergence increases. For this reason, additionally, two setups including the minimization of the maximum stress as an objective within a scalar objective function are analyzed. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization with resolution of the Pareto front is performed. The differences in the results regarding fitness between the setups using a scalar objective function are small. However, the best result is found for a setup where the minimization of the stress is added as an objective. This demonstrates the risk of a premature convergence involved with constraint handling strategies. The worst result is found for the multi-objective optimization with resolution of the Pareto front, most likely due to a less directed search.Item Open Access Engine-airframe integration : from Froude theorem to numerical flow simulation(2026) Hartmann, Jan; Staudacher, StephanThe reduction of the overall emissions of the aviation sector require the improvement of the overall aircraft efficiency. In the current aircraft design, the airframe and the propulsion system are designed separately and expected to reach limits for the overall aircraft efficiency. The integration of the engine into the airframe and the implementation of boundary layer ingestion (BLI) is a promising concept to improve the overall aircraft efficiency. However, this integration alters the engine intake flow and influences the intake characteristics significantly. In this study, numerical simulations as well as water channel experiments are performed to get insights into the challenges that occur due to BLI. An actuator disc simulation is performed to validate the Froude theorem with the numerical simulations. The water channel experiments are used to perform BLI experiments for different fuselage contours and operation points of the engine. In the last step, numerical simulations of the flow into an under-wing intake are compared to an BLI intake. The studies show that the BLI can cause flow separation in different regions of the intake and the intake characteristic is altered.Item Open Access Lateral torsional buckling of glulam beam-columns : axial compression and bending verification(2024) Töpler, Janusch; Kuhlmann, Ulrike; Schänzlin, JörgItem Open Access 3D microprinting of structures with lanthanide‐based fluorophores on optical fibers for multiplexed sensing(2025) Aslani, Valese; Baghapour, Shaghayegh; Warren‐Smith, Stephen C.; Zhang, Wenqi; Ebadati, Esmat; Plush, Sally E.; Herkommer, Alois; Toulouse, Andrea; Afshar V., ShahraamFemtosecond direct laser writing (fs‐DLW) has revolutionized the fabrication of micro‐optical elements, yet its potential in multiplexed sensing has remained constrained by material limitations and fluorescence crosstalk. Here, a novel platform that integrates lanthanide‐based fluorophores-specifically europium complexes-into commercial fs‐DLW resists (OrmoComp and IP‐Visio) to directly print nano/microstructures on the tips of optical fibers is reported. This strategy exploits the exceptional photostability, narrow emission lines, and long luminescence lifetimes to overcome spectral overlap and photobleaching commonly seen with organic fluorophores. By enabling spectral, temporal, and spatial multiplexing, this approach allows simultaneous detection of distinct biochemical and physical parameters. Five distinct structures are fabricated: two woodpile structures for temperature and redox sensing, a Fabry‐Pérot cavity for refractive index detection, and disc and annular geometries for spatially selective excitation. The results show that combining sub‐micron 3D microfabrication with lanthanide photophysics significantly enhances sensing fidelity, opening new avenues for compact, multi‐analyte fiber‐based diagnostics in biomedical applications.Item Open Access Dynamic water masks from optical satellite imagery(München : Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2019) Elmi, Omid; Sneeuw, Nico (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Investigation of the global freshwater system has a vital role in critical issues e.g. sustainable development of water resources, acceleration of the hydrological cycle, variability of global sea level. Measurement of river streamflow is vital for such investigations as it gives a reliable estimate of freshwater fluxes over the continents. Despite such importance, the number of river discharge gauging station has been decreasing. At the same time, information on the global freshwater system has been increasing because of various types of ground observations, water-use information and spaceborne geodetic observations. Nevertheless, we cannot answer properly crucial questions about the amount of freshwater available on a certain river basin, or the spatial and temporal dynamics of freshwater variations and discharge, or the distribution of world’s freshwater resources in the future. The lack of comprehensive measurements of surface water storage and river discharge is a major impediment for a realistic understanding of the hydrological water cycle, which is a must for answering the aforementioned questions. This thesis aims to improve the methods for monitoring the surface extent of inland water bodies using satellite images. Satellite imaging systems capture the Earth surface in a wide variety of spectral and spatial resolution repeatedly. Therefore satellite imagery provides the opportunity to monitor the spatial change in shorelines, which can serve as a way to determine the water extent. Each band of a multispectral image reveals a unique characteristic of the Earth surface features like surface water extent. However selecting the spectral bands which provide the relevant information is a challenging task. In this thesis, we analyse the potential of multispectral transformations like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to tackle this issue by condensing the information available in all spectral bands in just a few uncorrelated variables. Moreover, we investigate how the change between multispectral images at different epochs can be highlighted by using the transformations. This study proposes an automatic algorithm for extracting the lake water extent from MODIS images and generating dynamics lake masks. For improving the accuracy of the lake masks and computational efficiency of the algorithm, two masks are defined for limiting the search area. The restricting masks are developed according to DEM of the surrounding area together with a map of the long-term variation of pixel values. Subsequently, an unsupervised pixel-based classification algorithm is applied for defining the lake coastline. The algorithm particularly deals with the challenges of generating long time series of lake masks. We apply the algorithm on five lakes in Africa and Asia, each of which demonstrates a challenge for lake area monitoring. However in the validation section, we demonstrate that the algorithm can generate accurate dynamic lake masks. Rivers show diverse behaviour along their path due to the contribution of different parameters like gradient of the elevation, river slope, tributaries and river bed morphology. Therefore for generating accurate river reach mask, we need to consider additional sources of information apart from pixel intensity. The region-based classification algorithm that we propose in this study takes advantages of all types of available information including pixel intensity and spatial and temporal interactions. Markov Random Fields provide a flexible frame for interaction between different sources of data and constraint. To find the most probable configuration of the field, the Maximum A Posteriori solution for the MRF must be found. To this end, the problem is reshaped as an energy minimization. The energy function is minimized applying graph cuts as a powerful optimization technique. The uncertainty in the graph cuts solution is also measured by calculating the minimum marginal energies. The proposed method is applied to four rivers reaches with different hydrological characteristics. We validate the obtained river area time series by comparing with in situ river discharge and satellite altimetric water level time series. Moreover, in this study, we present river discharge estimation models using the generated river reach masks. Our aim is to find an empirical relationship between the average river reach width and river discharge. The statistics in the validation periods support the idea of using river width-discharge prediction models as a complementary technique to the other spaceborne geodetic river discharge prediction approaches.Item Open Access Mechanical properties and electrical discharge machinability of alumina-10 vol% zirconia-28 vol% titanium nitride composites(2020) Gommeringer, Andrea; Kern, FrankElectrical discharge machinable ceramics provide an alternative machining route independent on the material hardness which enables manufacturing of customized ceramic components. In this study a composite material based on an alumina/zirconia matrix and an electrically conductive titanium nitride dispersion was manufactured by hot pressing and characterized with respect to microstructure, mechanical properties and ED-machinability by die sinking. The composites show a combination of high strength of 700 MPa, hardness of 17-18 GPa and moderate fracture resistance of 4.5-5 MPa√m. With 40 kS/m the electrical conductivity is sufficiently high to ensure ED-machinability.Item Open Access Eigenschaften und Verfahren zur Fertigung von superhydrophoben Oberflächen zur Anwendung in der Medizin und Life Science(2021) Felk, DominiqueIn dieser Studienarbeit werden die Eigenschaften, sowie die geometrische Gestalt von superhydrophoben Oberflächen anhand einer ausführlichen Literaturrecherche aufgezeigt. Wassertropfen nehmen auf superhydrophoben Oberflächen eine nahezu sphärische Gestalt an und rollen leicht von einer geneigten Oberflächen ab. Dabei nehmen die Wassertropfen etwaige Verschmutzungen mit. Diese reinigende Wirkung ist charakteristisch für den Lotus-Effekt, welcher physikalisch auf dem Vorhandensein des Cassie-Baxter Zustands beruht. So weisen superhydrophobe Oberflächen einen Kontaktwinkel θ0 von mindestens 150° auf. Aus dem großen Kontaktwinkel resultiert eine geringe Adhäsion der Oberfläche mit einem Wassertropfen. Dadurch gleitet der Tropfen bereits bei geringen Gleitwinkeln von kleiner als 10° von einer geneigten Ebene ab. Neben einem großen Kontakt- und einem kleinen Gleitwinkel weisen superhydrophobe Oberflächen eine Kontaktwinkelhysterese von kleiner als 5° auf. Außerdem bestehen die Oberflächen aus Materialien mit geringen Oberflächenenergien. Erzielbar ist der Lotus-Effekt durch eine Oberflächenmorphologie, die ein hohes Luftvolumen zwischen der Oberfläche und einem Wassertropfen einschließt. Dies ist möglich durch Strukturen im Größenbereich von einigen hundert Nanometern bis zu einigen zehn Mikrometern. Die Strukturen selbst müssen ein hohes Aspektverhältnis aufweisen, welches durch hierarchisch aufgebaute Strukturen erzielt werden kann. Außerdem werden in dieser Arbeit verschiedene Anwendungen aus dem Bereich der Medizin und der Life Science aufgeführt, die durch superhydrophobe Oberflächen ermöglicht werden. Beispielhafte Anwendungen sind superhydrophobe Textilwickel, welche eine Heilung bei Druckgeschwüren begünstigen sollen, oder eine kontrollierte in-vitro Freisetzung von Medikamenten. Die Literaturrecherche zeigt, dass die Herstellung von superhydrophoben Oberflächen auf Strukturen in Metall, Silizium und Kunststoff beruhen kann. So ist die Erzeugung von Strukturen in Metall und Silizium über konventionelle Fertigungsverfahren wie die Plasmabearbeitung (DRIE, ICP), das Tauchbad und die Laserbearbeitung möglich. Zur Erzeugung der Strukturen in Kunststoff eignet sich das Spritzgießen, das Formgießen und das Heißprägen. Für die stochastische Aufrauung der Kunststoffoberfläche eignet sich die Bearbeitung mit Plasma. Die am Institut für Mikrointegration der Universität Stuttgart (IFM) und Hahn-Schickard Gesellschaft Stuttgart (HS-S) vorhandenen Geräte ermöglichen grundsätzlich eine Herstellung der für superhydrophobe Oberflächen erforderlichen Größenordnungen. Dazu muss unter anderem untersucht werden, welche Anwendungen realisiert werden sollen und welche Medien in Kontakt mit der Oberfläche stehen werden. Darauf hin muss das Verhalten des Mediums mit verschiedenen Oberflächenmorphologien analysiert werden, um die am besten geeignete Struktur zu finden.