Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access Sustainability assessment of fuel cell buses in public transport(2018) Lozanovski, Aleksandar; Whitehouse, Nicole; Ko, Nathanael; Whitehouse, SimonHydrogen fuel cell (H2FC) buses operating in every day public transport services around Europe are assessed for their sustainability against environmental, economic and social criteria. As part of this assessment the buses are evaluated against diesel buses both in terms of sustainability and in terms of meeting real world requirements with respect to operational performance. The study concludes that H2FC buses meet operability and performance criteria and are sustainable environmentally when ‘green’ hydrogen is used. The economic sustainability of the buses, in terms of affordability, achieves parity with their fossil fuel equivalent by 2030 when the indirect costs to human health and climate change are included. Societal acceptance by those who worked with and used the buses supports the positive findings of earlier studies, although satisfactory operability and performance are shown to be essential to positive attitudes. Influential policy makers expressed positive sentiments only if ‘green’ hydrogen is used and the affordability issues can be addressed. No “show-stopper” is identified that would prevent future generations from using H2FC buses in public transport on a broad scale due to damage to the environment or to other factors that impinge on quality of life.Item Open Access Large-scale high head pico hydropower potential assessment(Stuttgart : Eigenverlag des Instituts für Wasser- und Umweltsystemmodellierung der Universität Stuttgart, 2018) Schröder, Hans Christoph; Wieprecht, Silke (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Due to a lack of site-related information, Pico hydropower (PHP) has hardly been a projectable resource so far. This is particularly true for large area PHP potential information that could open a perspective to increase the size of development projects by aggregating individual PHP installations. The present work is extending the capabilities of GIS based hydropower potential assessment into the PHP domain through a GIS based PHP potential assessment procedure that facilitates the discrimination of areas without high head PHP potential against areas with PHP potential and against areas with so called “favorable PHP potential”. The basic unit of the spatial output is determined by the underlying PHP potential definition of this work: a standardized PHP installation and the required hydraulic source, together called standard unit, are located on an area of one square kilometer. The gradation of the output is a consequence of the verification techniques. Several large area PHP potential field assessment methods, based on contemplative analysis techniques, are developed in this work. Field assessments were conducted in Yunnan Province/China, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Sri Lanka. The aim for all field assessments is to get a comprehensive view on the PHP potential distribution of the entire country/province. Application of the GIS based PHP potential assessment procedure is aimed at the global tropical and subtropical regions.Item Open Access Analyse der Einsatzpotenziale von Wärmeerzeugungstechniken in industriellen Anwendungen(Stuttgart : Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, 2016) Ohl, Michael; Voß, Alfred (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Item Open Access Fluid-phase transitions in a multiphasic model of CO2 sequestration into deep aquifers : a fully coupled analysis of transport phenomena and solid deformation(Stuttgart : Institut für Mechanik (Bauwesen), Lehrstuhl für Kontinuumsmechanik, Universität Stuttgart, 2017) Häberle, Kai; Ehlers, Wolfgang (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h. c.)Item Open Access Managing uncertainties in LCA dataset selection(2019) Pfeuffer, Simon; Wehner, Daniel; Bouslama, RaedThe selection of LCA datasets requires an understanding of the available datasets in a database and awareness about the uncertainties associated with the dataset selection. Therefore, a graphical presentation technique is introduced to support the communication of information about available datasets and uncertainties.Item Open Access Das Kopernikus-Projekt ENavi - Die Transformation des Stromsystems mit Fokus Kohleausstieg(2019) Fahl, Ulrich; Gaschnig, Hannes; Hofer, Claudia; Hufendiek, Kai; Maier, Beatrix; Pahle, Michael; Pietzcker, Robert; Quitzow, Rainer; Rauner, Sebastian; Sehn, Vera; Thier, Pablo; Wiesmeth, Michael; Hufendiek, Kai; Pahle, MichaelIn diesem Bericht wird die Transformation des Stromsystems als zentrale Stellschraube zur Erreichung der Klimaziele analysiert. Dabei wird die Dekarbonisierung, insbesondere der Ausstieg aus der Kohleverstromung, in den Fokus gerückt. Anhand einer systematischen Vorgehensweise werden Transformationsszenarien für das deutsche Energiesystem identifiziert, analysiert und bewertet. Die Analyse erfolgt mithilfe unterschiedlicher computergestützter Modelle, um die Auswirkungen im gesamten System abschätzen zu können. Es werden sowohl Wechselwirkungen im Stromsystem und im Energiesystem, als auch im Wirtschaftssystem und im Bereich Ressourcen und Umwelt untersucht.Item Open Access Detection of wind evolution and lidar trajectory optimization for lidar-assisted wind turbine control(2015) Schlipf, David; Haizmann, Florian; Cosack, Nicolai; Siebers, Tom; Cheng, Po WenIn this work a collective pitch feedforward controller for floating wind turbines is presented. The feedforward controller provides a pitch rate update to a conventional feedback controller based on a wind speed preview. The controller is designed similar to the one for onshore turbines, which has proven its capability to improve wind turbine control performance in field tests. In a first design step, perfect wind preview and a calm sea is assumed. Under these assumptions the feedforward controller is able to compensate almost perfectly the effect of changing wind speed to the rotor speed of a full nonlinear model over the entire full load region. In a second step, a nacelle-based lidar is simulated scanning the same wind field which is used also for the aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation. With model-based wind field reconstruction methods, the rotor effective wind speed is estimated from the raw lidar data and is used in the feedforward controller after filtering out the uncorrelated frequencies. Simulation results show that even with a more realistic wind preview, the feedforward controller is able to significantly reduce rotor speed and power variations. Furthermore, structural loads on the tower, rotor shaft, and blades are decreased. A comparison to a theoretical investigation shows that the reduction in rotor speed regulation is close to the optimum.Item Open Access CO2-Abtrennung aus Synthesegasen mit Hydrotalciten unter Hochtemperatur-Hochdruckbedingungen(2017) Bublinski, Martin; Seifert, Helmut (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Membranverfahren trennen Gasgemische kontinuierlich, selektiv und energieeffizient. Damit stellt dieses Trennverfahren eine interessante Alternative zu herkömmlichen, energieintensiven Gasreinigungsverfahren mittels Wäschern dar. Allerdings steigen insbesondere für Hochtempera-turanwendungen die material- und prozesstechnischen Anforderungen an das Membransystem, wodurch die Materialauswahl stark eingegrenzt wird. Bisher existiert im kommerziellen Maßstab noch kein hochtemperaturtaugliches, kontinuierliches Abscheideverfahren für die selektive Abscheidung von CO2 aus Synthesegas. Der Einsatz von Membranen aus Hydrotalcit stellt für die CO2-Abscheidung aus vorgereinigten Synthesegasen einen vielversprechenden Lösungsansatz dar. In dieser Arbeit wird die systematische Entwicklung von anorganischen mehrschichtigen Hydrotalcit-Membranen vorgestellt, mit denen CO2 selektiv aus dem Gasstrom unter Hochtemperatur- und Hochdruckbedingungen (T > 350 °C, p ≤ 80 bar) abgeschiedenen werden kann. Die Prozesse CO2-Sorption bzw. CO2-Desorption auf der Membranoberfläche sowie die Diffusionseigenschaf-ten der Membran wurden dabei getrennt voneinander untersucht. Zuerst wurden an reinen und mit Kaliumcarbonat dotierten Hydrotalciten mit einem Sorptions-/Druckreaktor CO2-Sorptionsgleichgewichtsdaten im Temperatur- und Druckbereich zwischen 200-500 °C bzw. 20-80 bar aufgenommen. Dabei wurden maximale CO2-Kapazitäten von 1,2 mol/kg für reines Hydrotalcit und 2,0 mol/kg für dotiertes Hydrotalcit mit trockenem, bzw. 1,95 mol/kg für reines Hydrotalcit und 5,70 mol/kg für K-dotiertes Hydrotalcit mit feuchtem Gas ermittelt. Die Desorptionseigenschaften wurden mittels zyklischen CO2-Sorptionsexperimenten bestimmt. Dabei stellte sich sowohl für reines als auch für K-dotiertes Hydrotalcit für trockenes und feuchtes Gas eine konstante Arbeitskapazität nach mehreren Sorptionszyklen auf dem Niveau von zwei Drittel der ursprünglichen CO2-Sorptionskapazität ein. Die Hydrotalcit-Membransynthese erfolgte auf Al2O3-Substraten mit einem Harnstoff-Hydrolyse-Verfahren. Dadurch konnte ein Wachstum der Hydrotalcit-Kristalle direkt auf der Substratoberfläche erreicht werden und eine homogene Hydrotalcit-Membran synthetisiert werden. Durch eine weitere Hydrotalcit-Schicht gelang es, die Defekte der Membran weiter zu verringern. Die CO2-Permeanzen wurden mit einem Hochtemperatur-Membranmodul bei 200 °C auf 3,03·10-7 mol/(m2·s·Pa) und 500 °C auf 1,06·10-6 mol/(m2·s·Pa) bestimmt. Neben der Knudsen-Diffusion wurde die Lösungs-Diffusion von CO2 als weiterer Transportmechanismus durch die Hydrotalcit-Membran identifiziert. Die idealen CO2-Selektivitäten bezüglich N2, H2 und CO lagen demnach meist leicht über den Knudsen-Selektivitäten. Gegenüber N2 konnte bei Tempera-turen von 350 °C eine Selektivität von 1,31 ermittelt und folglich eine partielle CO2-selektive Trennung mit den synthetisierten Hydrotalcit-Membranen erzielt werden.Item Open Access Stochastic and hydrological modelling for climate change prediction in the Lima region, Peru(2015) Chamorro Chávez, Alejandro; Bárdossy, András (Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dr.-Ing.)Climate change has been an important field of research in the past years and certainly is a major concern in the present time. It involves a broad spectrum of subjects and significant different time scales, ranging from decades to thousands or millions of years. Generally speaking, in a climate change scenario a change in the pattern, average or extreme conditions of some variables is observed, and this can be due to many different causes as changing processes in the earth, human activities or extra terrestrial induced factors. This study concentrates on the influences on the climate due to human activities and focuses on the hydrological response to these influences or changes as a primarily goal, for the next few decades. The main motivation is the vulnerability and scarcity of the water availability in the capital of Peru, Lima, and how the area under study will respond to a change in the climate. An important focus of analysis in order to reduce the uncertainty in the predictions is the errors that appears when modeling a given variable or set of variables. This issue is addressed first in regionalization of precipitation and second in the calibration of hydrological models in which a robust parameter estimation is performed. In the first issue concerning to regionalization, External Drift Kriging is applied. In this part of the work the results of regionalization are analyzed with focus on the errors and systematic errors which appear during the modeling. The main goal here is the reduction of these errors through some proposed transformations. Here, three approaches are suggested, namely smoothing of the digital elevation model (DEM) considering a symmetric area, power transformation and smoothing considering a non symmetric area. The second issue concerning the uncertainty in the estimations (discharge) was addressed two-fold, namely by optimizing the objective function by means of a heuristic optimization procedure based on Monte Carlo simulation, and by means of a robust parameter estimation (ROPE) algorithm developed quite recently by Bárdossy and Singh, which in general terms can be used as a general multivariate optimization procedure. The algorithm offers a way of finding a set of “good” parameter vectors, which among other characteristics, are transferable in time. The final result comprises an ensemble of estimations for expected discharge variations accounting for the uncertainty in parameterization and processes description in the models. In this study HVB and HYMOD models are used. The assessment of the impact of climate change in precipitation and temperature is carried out by a statistical downscaling procedure based on a quantil-quantil transformation. Here the information given by the Global Climate Models (GCMs) outputs are transferred to the local scale. Two different GCMs and three scenarios are used in this step. This permitted the definition of a range for the expected future variations for temperature and precipitation. The last chapter of the study addresses the assessment of the discharge in the short term. The goal here is to “infer” the outcome of a random variable (discharge) in the next time step by taking information from past observations (previous steps). As we can regard the observations (time series) as a realization generated from a stochastic process, we can address this issue from a stochastic point of view. The task is addressed first by considering some of the existing autoregressive models (AR process), and second by considering a Copula-based autoregressive model. In order to perform the Copula-based autoregressive model, a given time series (modelled discharge) was transformed into three vectors representing the same original time series but shifted in time. A three dimensional Copula was then fitted to the univariate distributions. For this, a Gaussian model as well as a Beta kernel model expressed in terms of the Beta function was considered.Item Open Access Microbial stabilization of lotic fine sediments(Stuttgart : Eigenverlag des Instituts für Wasser- und Umweltsystemmodellierung der Universität Stuttgart, 2018) Schmidt, Holger; Wieprecht, Silke (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)The microbial stabilization of fine sediments constitutes an essential ecosystem function with great ecological and economic implications e.g. in the context of reservoir and waterway management. Although this process is well researched in intertidal mudflats, there is still a major lack of knowledge for lotic systems. To perform fundamental research in this field and to account for the associated very high level of complexity, expertise of natural and engineering science was combined in an interdisciplinary approach. A highly sophisticated mesocosm setup was designed and constructed to guarantee fully controllable and reproducible natural-like boundary conditions during biofilm formation. The overall aim of the performed studies in this doctoral thesis was a comprehensive investigation of all relevant parameters of the cultivated biofilms, such as the microbial biomass, the produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and the composition of the microbial community as well as the stability of the biofilm. This extensive approach should allow the identification of functional key parameters of the biofilm as well as essential interactions and their impact on the overall biofilm ecosystem and resulting biostabilization. In a series of long-term experiments, different influencing factors on biofilm development and corresponding biostabilization were assessed. The first potential impact factor that was analyzed was the experimental setup itself. Furthermore, the influence of the seasonal changes of the microbial community in the utilized river water and the effects of different levels of bed shear stress and illumination intensity were assessed. The results of these different experiments provided essential new insights into the process of biostabilization of lotic fine sediments. Firstly, the reliability of the used experimental setup could be proven, as no significant differences could be detected in biofilm formation and biostabilization comparing different mesocosm sections. The fact that very similar biofilms were developing when the boundary conditions were identical was a crucial prerequisite for any further investigations. In addition, the relevance of biostabilization in lotic systems, which was doubted for a long time, could be proven. However, freshwater and brackish habitat can be very different (e.g. in terms of nutrient availability). This was exemplarily indicated by significantly lower microbial biomass in the analyzed freshwater biofilms compared to biofilms from well-studied intertidal mudflats. Moreover, the very complex interplays between bacteria and diatoms in the biofilm matrix were underlined which led to a focus on this subject during further subsequent studies via an extensive genetic and microscopic profiling. Secondly, the important role of EPS during biostabilization could be demonstrated, whereby the significance of extracellular proteins, such as adhesives produced by sessile diatoms, was suggested. This observation may extend the current EPS research which focusses on extracellular carbohydrates due to their high quantitative fraction in the EPS matrix. Furthermore, the interactions between the microbes, the extracellular matrix and the overall stability of the biofilm system appeared to be much more complex than formerly assumed. Thirdly, the importance of the microbial community in the biofilm system could be elucidated. Even though a high correlation between mere microbial biomass and biostabilization could be detected, especially the seasonality experiments emphasized the impact of the life style of key players among the diatoms. These insights could be extended during the experiments analyzing the different levels of abiotic boundary conditions, where differently stable biofilms were clearly dominated by different assemblages of dominant bacteria. These observations constitute very important new insights into microbial biostabilization as a direct correlation between microbial ecology and the overall, actually measurable ecosystem function of the biofilm could be shown for the first time. Concluding, the insights into the fundamental principles of biostabilization gathered during this thesis can be seen as important steps for further fundamental research. The construction of a reliable unique setup is complete, the reproducible biofilm cultivation in this setup is verified and first investigations of different driving factors during biostabilization were performed. These analyses paved the way for further studies to analyze currently hardly assessed boundary conditions and deeper assessments in order to generate a sound database for future modelling approaches of the dynamics of microbially stabilized lotic fine sediments.