Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access Motile bacteria in complex environments(2024) Lohrmann, Christoph; Holm, Christian (Prof. Dr.)Item Open Access SwarmRL : building the future of smart active systems(2025) Tovey, Samuel; Lohrmann, Christoph; Merkt, Tobias; Zimmer, David; Nikolaou, Konstantin; Koppenhöfer, Simon; Bushmakina, Anna; Scheunemann, Jonas; Holm, ChristianThis work introduces SwarmRL , a Python package designed to study intelligent active particles. SwarmRL provides an easy-to-use interface for developing models to control microscopic colloids using classical control and deep reinforcement learning approaches. These models may be deployed in simulations or real-world environments under a common framework. We explain the structure of the software and its key features and demonstrate how it can be used to accelerate research. With SwarmRL , we aim to streamline research into micro-robotic control while bridging the gap between experimental and simulation-driven sciences. SwarmRL is available open-source on GitHub at https://github.com/SwarmRL/SwarmRL .Item Open Access Influence of bacterial swimming and hydrodynamics on attachment of phages(2024) Lohrmann, Christoph; Holm, Christian; Datta, Sujit S.Bacteriophages (“phages”) are viruses that infect bacteria. Since they do not actively self-propel, phages rely on thermal diffusion to find target cells - but can also be advected by fluid flows, such as those generated by motile bacteria themselves in bulk fluids. How does the flow field generated by a swimming bacterium influence how it encounters phages? Here, we address this question using coupled molecular dynamics and lattice Boltzmann simulations of flagellated bacteria swimming through a bulk fluid containing uniformly-dispersed phages. We find that while swimming increases the rate at which phages attach to both the cell body and flagellar propeller, hydrodynamic interactions strongly suppress this increase at the cell body, but conversely enhance this increase at the flagellar bundle. Our results highlight the pivotal influence of hydrodynamics on the interactions between bacteria and phages, as well as other diffusible species, in microbial environments.