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Item Open Access Chirale lyotrop-lamellare Flüssigkristalle : Phasenverhalten neuer chiraler Amphiphile und Nachweis des elektroklinen Effektes(2019) Harjung, Marc D.; Gießelmann, Frank (Prof. Dr.)Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, neue Erkenntnisse zur Bildung lyotroper SmC*-Phasen zu gewinnen und einen elektroklinen Effekt in chiral lamellaren Phasen nachzuweisen.Item Open Access Novel X-ray lenses for direct and coherent imaging(2019) Sanli, Umut Tunca; Schütz, Gisela (Prof. Dr.)Item Open Access Chirality effects in thermotropic and lyotropic nematic liquid crystals under confined geometries(2019) Dietrich, Clarissa; Giesselmann, Frank (Prof. Dr.)Chirality is a phenomenon in nature that appears across all disciplines of natural science, from biology to mathematics. The spontaneous formation of chiral structures in a system of achiral components is known as spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking and is by itself of fundamental interest leading also towards the question of the origin of homochirality in nature in general. In this work, we show that by means of the topology imposed by the confining geometry and by interfacial boundary conditions - in combination with the physical properties of a liquid crystal - spontaneous mirror symmetry broken structures can be obtained. They are analyzed, inter alia, with respect to the types of geometrical confinements used, e.g. how the confinement amplifies, induces, and influences the detection of chirality effects in order to facilitate the measurement of tiny amounts of chiral additives qualitatively and quantitatively.Item Open Access Moment dynamics of Zirconia particle formation for optimizing particle size distribution(2019) Halter, Wolfgang; Eisele, Rahel; Rothenstein, Dirk; Bill, Joachim; Allgöwer, FrankItem Open Access Herstellung von Acrylnitril aus biobasierter Milchsäure und Propionsäure(2019) Mack, Daniel; Klemm, Elias (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Item Open Access Modeling and simulation of closed low-pressure adsorbers for thermal energy storage(2019) Schäfer, Micha; Thess, André (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)Closed low-pressure adsorption systems can be applied for thermal energy storage. Their performance is determined by the mass and heat transport processes in the adsorber. Therefore, thorough knowledge of these transport processes is required for further storage development. The present thesis contributes to this by providing detailed models of closed low-pressure adsorbers and by conducting simulations over a broad range of parameters and configurations. The focus is on adsorbers of larger scale (length L = 0.1 . . . 1 m) and on the discharging process. As the adsorption pair, binderless zeolite 13X with water is examined. The models are developed in a stepwise manner from pore to storage scale. The Finite-Difference-Method is implemented to numerically solve the models. Simulations are conducted for defined reference cases as well as over a broad range of geometric and process parameters. The reference cases are analyzed in detail to gain a better understanding of the transport processes. Furthermore, the results are analyzed with respect to two particular modeling aspects: equilibrium assumptions and rarefaction effects (e. g. slip effect). With respect to the application, the discharging performance is analyzed in terms of thermal power and a defined discharging degree. Both the adsorber and the adsorbent configurations are varied. In addition, the effect of the discharging conditions is evaluated. Finally, one exemplary charging process is examined. The detailed analysis of the reference cases reveals that the mass and heat transport and the adsorption processes are strongly coupled and can only be understood in their interaction. For onedimensional adsorber configurations, that is the mass and heat transport are in the same direction, the discharging process is generally limited by the heat transport. This leads to insufficient thermal power and unsuitable discharging durations of up to one year. In contrast, for two-dimensional adsorber configurations, that is the mass and heat transport are in perpendicular directions, the discharging process can be limited either by the mass or heat transport or by the adsorption. The limitation depends on the configuration of the adsorber and adsorbent. Moreover, the twodimensional adsorber configurations can provide sufficient thermal power. With respect to the modeling, it is found that the assumption of a uniform pressure distribution is applicable for one-dimensional adsorber configurations. In contrast, for two-dimensional configurations, no equilibrium assumptions can be applied in general. However, for powder adsorbent it is always valid to assume local adsorption equilibrium. Regarding the rarefaction effects in twodimensional adsorber configurations with honeycombs and granules, the slip effect is relevant for small channel and particle diameters (d = 1 mm). For adsorbers with powder adsorbent, the reduction of the effective heat conductivity due to the rarefaction effect becomes relevant. With respect to the application, the variation of the adsorber configuration shows that the volumetric thermal power generally decreases with increasing adsorber length. Furthermore, the power decreases with increasing width between the parallel heat exchanger plates in the adsorber. Regarding the adsorbent configuration in two-dimensional adsorber configurations, it is found that the volumetric thermal power can be optimized by variation of the channel or particle diameter. Interestingly, the optima for peak and mean power do not coincide. In addition, the discharging degree is found to strongly depend on the discharging conditions in terms of discharging temperature and volume flow of the heat transfer fluid extracting the heat from the adsorber. In general, the discharging degree decreases with increasing discharging temperature. Similarly, the discharging degree decreases with increasing volume flow of the heat transfer fluid. Finally, the analysis of an exemplary charging process revealed that the pressure in the adsorber can increase significantly (> 50%) due to the desorption.Item Open Access Peptide controlled shaping of biomineralized tin(II) oxide into flower-like particles(2019) Kilper, Stefan; Jahnke, Timotheus; Wiegers, Katharina; Grohe, Vera; Burghard, Zaklina; Bill, Joachim; Rothenstein, DirkThe size and morphology of metal oxide particles have a large impact on the physicochemical properties of these materials, e.g., the aspect ratio of particles affects their catalytic activity. Bioinspired synthesis routes give the opportunity to control precisely the structure and aspect ratio of the metal oxide particles by bioorganic molecules, such as peptides. This study focusses on the identification of tin(II) oxide (tin monoxide, SnO) binding peptides, and their effect on the synthesis of crystalline SnO microstructures. The phage display technique was used to identify the 7-mer peptide SnBP01 (LPPWKLK), which shows a high binding affinity towards crystalline SnO. It was found that the derivatives of the SnBP01 peptide, varying in peptide length and thus in their interaction, significantly affect the aspect ratio and the size dimension of mineralized SnO particles, resulting in flower-like morphology. Furthermore, the important role of the N-terminal leucine residue in the peptide for the strong organic-inorganic interaction was revealed by FTIR investigations. This bioinspired approach shows a facile procedure for the detailed investigation of peptide-to-metal oxide interactions, as well as an easy method for the controlled synthesis of tin(II) oxide particles with different morphologies.Item Open Access Catalytic enantioselective total synthesis of picrotoxane alkaloids and guaiane sesquiterpene englerins A and B(2019) Guo, Lei; Plietker, Bernd (Prof.Dr.)Alkaloids from the picrotoxane family are biologically potent natural products that show hypertensive, antipyretic, analgesic and anti-influenza A virus activities. Herein a concise catalytic, enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-dendrobine, (-)-mubironine B and (-)-dendroxine is described with an overall yield of 6.7%, 7.8% and 7.4%, respectively. This represents a significantly improved yield as compared to synthetic approaches reported in the past, and it is the first report on the total synthesis of (-)-dendroxine. Importantly, the asymmetric Yb-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction between Danishefsky’s diene and an oxazolidinone moiety allowed for an enantioselective synthesis of the natural products in the enantioselective way, while the Fe-catalyzed aerobic oxidation, Cu- or Au-catalyzed cycloisomerization and hydroazidation underlined the strength of modern synthetic sequences in total synthesis. Englerin A is a guaiane sesquiterpene natural product that shows antitumor activity when binding to the TRPC4/5 target (a new target for antitumor compounds) in vitro. In this part a bio-inspired, catalytic enantioselective strategy towards the total synthesis of (-)-englerins A and B in 12 or 13 steps with 6.7% or 4.8% yield, respectively, is described. The success was initialized by a biomimetic catalytic enantioselective decarboxylative aldol reaction for chirality introduction. A [4+3] cycloaddition with neighboring group participation was used for the construction of the central core structure, which was inspired by the biogenesis of tropinone. A late stage one-pot Heck coupling-regioselective hydrosilylation-Fleming oxidation cascade sequence afforded the cyclopentane core while a kinetic CBS reduction enriched enantiopurity and eventually delivered the natural products.Item Open Access Metal-rich ternary perovskite nitrides(2019) Niewa, RainerResearch interest in inverse perovskite nitrides, since the early beginnings in the 1940s has considerably intensified in recent years. Within the last decades exploration lead to a wide variety of new compounds, compositions and structural arrangements. Electronic properties of the novel materials span from insulating and semiconducting via semimetallic and metallic, depending on element combination. Similarly, magnetic properties qualify for various applications, according to frequently high Curie temperatures and saturation magnetizations, together with development of delicate magnetic structures and often occurring metamagnetic transitions, to give only few examples. This minireview is intended to give an overview on formation of such metal-rich compounds with focus on chemical systems and crystal chemistry.Item Open Access Biochemical characterization and identification of novel substrates of protein lysine methyltransferases(2019) Schuhmacher, Maren Kirstin; Jeltsch, Albert (Prof. Dr.)The methylation of lysine side chains is a prevalent post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins, which is introduced by protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs). Histone methylation can have different effects on chromatin structure, lysine methylation of non-histone proteins can regulate protein/protein interactions and protein stability. For most PKMTs currently not all methylation sites are known which limits our understanding of the regulatory role of these enzymes in cells. Therefore, it is an important research aim to gain more information about the substrate spectrum of PKMTs. The identification of the substrate specificity of a PKMT is a very important step on the way to identify new PKMT methylation sites. The focus of this study was the analysis of the substrate specificity of different PKMTs by SPOT peptide arrays and based on this on the identification and validation of possible new methylation substrates. The analysis of the substrate specificity of human SUV39H2 revealed significant differences to its human homolog SUV39H1, although both enzymes methylate the same histone substrate (H3K9). SUV39H2 is more stringent than the SUV39H1, which could be demonstrated by the lack of methylation of SUV39H1 non-histone targets by SUV39H2 and by the fact that it was not possible in this study to identify non-histone substrates for SUV39H2. Kinetic studies showed that SUV39H2 prefers the unmethylated H3K9 as substrate. Moreover, it was shown that the N324K mutation of SUV39H2 which leads to a genetic disease in Labrador retrievers causes a change in folding finally leading to the inactivation of the enzyme. It had been reported by another group that the histone variant H2AX is methylated by SUV39H2. However, the sequence of H2AX K134 does not fit to the substrate specificity profile of SUV39H2 determined in the present work. Follow-up in vitro peptide and protein methylation studies indeed showed that H2AX K134 is not methylated by SUV39H2. This indicates that H2AX methylation by SUV39H2 is most probably a wrong assignment of a substrate to a PKMT. Based on already available specificity data for the SUV39H1 PKMT, the SET8 protein was validated as novel substrate in cellular studies. SET8 is a PKMT itself and it could be shown in this thesis that methylation of SET8 at residue K210 by SUV39H1 stimulated the SET8 activity. In humans, there exist different PKMTs, which methylate H3K36. For example, NSD1, NSD2 and SETD2 which were investigated in this thesis. In literature, it was shown that the oncohistone mutation K36M inactivates NSD2 and SETD2. Steady-state methylation kinetics using a peptide substrate and a K36M peptide as inhibitor revealed that NSD1 is inhibited by this histone oncomutation as well. The steady-state inhibition parameters for all enzymes showed a better binding of the PKMTs to the inhibitor peptide than to the substrate, suggesting some mechanistic similarities in target peptide interaction. The SETD2 is a methyltransferase, which is able to introduce trimethylation of H3K36. During this thesis two substrate specificity motifs of SETD2 were determined using peptide array methylation experiments. Additionally, based on the substrate specificity investigations a super-substrate at peptide and protein level was determined. Furthermore, one novel substrate (FBN1) for SETD2 was discovered and validated. The Legionella pneumophila RomA PKMT was shown previously by our collaborators to methylate H3 at K14. Based on the specificity profile of RomA determined in this study it could be shown that this enzyme methylates seven additional human non-histone proteins. Collaborators tested the methylation of one of the non-histone targets (AROS) and could demonstrate its methylation during the infection of human cells with L. pneumophila. The role of these methylation events in the infection process must be studied in future experiments.