Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access A fully coupled thermomechanical 3D model for all phases of friction stir welding(2016) Hoßfeld, MaxAlthough friction stir welding (FSW) has made its way to industrial application particularly in the last years, the FSW process, its influences and their strong interactions among themselves are still not thoroughly understood. The lack of understanding mainly arises from the adverse observability of the actual process with phenomena like material ow and deposition, large material deformations plus their complex thermo-mechanical interactions determining the weld formation and its mechanical properties. A validated numerical process model may be helpful for closing this gap as well as for an isolated assessment of individual influences and phenomena. Hereby such a model will be a valuable assistance for process and especially tool development. In this study a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach with Abaqus V6.14 is used for modeling the whole FSW process within one continuous model. The resolution reached allows not only simulating the joining of two sheets into one and real tooling geometries but also burr and internal void formation. Results for temperature fields, surface and weld formation as well as process forces are shown and validated.Item Open Access Resolving heterogeneities in single and multiphase bioreactor systems - Predictive modelling tools towards successful scale-up(2020) Kuschel, Maike; Takors, Ralf (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Item Open Access Enzyme-assisted circular additive manufacturing as an enabling technology for a circular bioeconomy : a conceptual review(2024) Protte-Freitag, Kristin; Gotzig, Sophia; Rothe, Hannah; Schwarz, Oliver; Silber, Nadine; Miehe, RobertAdditive manufacturing (AM) is a decisive element in the sustainable transformation of technologies. And yet its inherent potential has not been fully utilized. In particular, the use of biological materials represents a comparatively new dimension that is still in the early stages of deployment. In order to be considered sustainable and contribute to the circular economy, various challenges need to be overcome. Here, the literature focusing on sustainable, circular approaches is reviewed. It appears that existing processes are not yet capable of being used as circular economy technologies as they are neither able to process residual and waste materials, nor are the produced products easily biodegradable. Enzymatic approaches, however, appear promising. Based on this, a novel concept called enzyme-assisted circular additive manufacturing was developed. Various process combinations using enzymes along the process chain, starting with the preparation of side streams, through the functionalization of biopolymers to the actual printing process and post-processing, are outlined. Future aspects are discussed, stressing the necessity for AM processes to minimize or avoid the use of chemicals such as solvents or binding agents, the need to save energy through lower process temperatures and thereby reduce CO2 consumption, and the necessity for complete biodegradability of the materials used.Item Open Access Über die Lösung der Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen mit Hilfe der Moore-Penrose-Inversen des Laplace-Operators im Vektorraum der Polynomkoeffizienten(2024) Große-Wöhrmann, Bärbel; Resch, Michael (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Die bekannten numerischen Standard-Verfahren zur Lösung partieller Differentialgleichungen basieren auf einer räumlichen Diskretisierung des Berechnungsgebiets. Ihre Performance und Skalierbarkeit auf modernen massiv-parallelen Höchstleistungsrechnern ist von der Verfügbarkeit effizienter numerischer Verfahren zur Lösung linearer Gleichungssysteme abhängig. Angesichts grundlegender Herausforderungen erscheint die Entwicklung neuer Lösungsansätze sinnvoll. Ich stelle in dieser Arbeit einen Polynomansatz zur Lösung partieller Differentialgleichungen vor, der nicht auf einer räumlichen Diskretisierung beruht und mit Hilfe der Moore-Penrose-Inversen des Laplace-Operators die Entkopplung der Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen ermöglicht. Dabei ist der Grad der Polynome nicht grundsätzlich beschränkt, so dass eine hohe räumliche Auflösung erreicht werden kann.Item Open Access Understanding the limitations of Sentinel-3 inland altimetry through validation over the Rhine River(2022) Schneider, Nicholas M.Satellite altimetry is developing into one of the most powerful measurement techniques for long-term water body monitoring thanks to its high spatial resolution and its increasing level of precision. Although the principle of satellite altimetry is very straightforward, the retrieval of correct water levels remains rather difficult due to various factors. Waveform retracking is an approach to optimize the initially determined range between the satellite and the water body on Earth by exploiting the information within the power-signal of the returned radar pulse to the altimeter. Several so-called retrackers have been designed to this end, yet remain one of the most open study areas in satellite altimetry due to their crucial role they play in water level retrieval. Moreover, geophysical properties of the stratified atmosphere and the target on Earth have an effect on the travel time of the transmitted radar pulse and can amount to severalmeters in range. In this study we provide an overall analysis of the performances of the retrackers dedicated to the Sentinel-3 mission and the applied geophysical corrections. For this matter, we focus on nine different locations within the Rhine River basin where locally gauged data is available to validate the Sentinel-3 level-2 products. Furthermore, we present a reverse retracking approach in the sense that we use the given in-situ data to determine the offset to each altimetry-derived measurement of every epoch. Under the assumption that these offsets are legitimate, they can be seen as an a-posteriori correction which we project onto the range and thus on a waveform level. Further analyses consist in the investigation of the relationship these a-posteriori corrections have to the waveform properties of the same epoch. Later, the question whether the a-posteriori corrections to the initial retracking gates are appropriate for the retrieval of correct water levels, drives us to assign a probability to each and every bin of the waveform. Following this idea, we design stochastic-based retrackers which determine the retracking gate for water level retrieval from the bin with the highest probability assigned to it. To distribute the probabilities across all bins of the waveform, we consider three empirical approaches that take both the waveform itself and its first derivative into account: Addition, multiplication and maximum of both signals. For all three of the new retrackers, we generate the water level timeseries over the aforementioned sites and validate them against in-situ data and the retrackers dedicated to the Sentinel-3 mission.Item Open Access Depth from axial differential perspective(2022) Faulhaber, Andreas; Krächan, Clara; Haist, TobiasWe introduce an imaging-based passive on-axis technique for measuring the distance of individual objects in complex scenes. Two axially separated pupil positions acquire images (can be realized simultaneously or sequentially). Based on the difference in magnification for objects within the images, the distance to the objects can be inferred. The method avoids some of the disadvantages of passive triangulation sensors (e.g., correspondence, shadowing), is easy to implement and offers high lateral resolution. Due to the principle of operation it is especially suited for applications requiring only low to medium axial resolution. Theoretical findings, as well as follow-up experimental measurements, show obtainable resolutions in the range of few centimeters for distances of up to several meters.Item Open Access From muscle spindle to spinal cord : a modelling approach of the hierarchical organization in sensorimotor control(Stuttgart : Institut für Modellierung und Simulation Biomechanischer Systeme, Computational Biophysics and Biorobotics, 2025) Santana Chacon, Pablo Filipe; Schmitt, Syn (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)The muscle spindle is an essential proprioceptor, significantly involved in sensing limb position and movement. Although biological spindle models exist for years, the gold-standard for motor control in biomechanics are still sensors built of homogenized spindle output models due to their simpler combination with neuro-musculoskeletal models. The performance of new studies that consider different structures of the hierarchical sensorimotor control system, implementing physiologically-motivated neuromechanical models aligned to proprioception, is essential to enable a more holistic understanding about movement. The incorporation of more biological proprioceptive and neuronal circuit models to muscles can make neuro-musculoskeletal systems more appropriate to investigate and elucidate motor control. Therefore, initially, this doctoral dissertation presents a more physiological model of the muscle spindle that considers the individual characteristics of involved tissue compartments, aligned to the advantage of easy integration into large-scale musculoskeletal models. Different stretches in the intrafusal fibers were simulated in the model's variations following the spindle afferent recorded in previous experiments in feline soleus muscle. Additionally, the proposed enhanced Hill-type spindle models had their parameters extensively optimized to match the experimental conditions, and the resulting model was validated against data from rats’ triceps surae muscle. As result, the model exhibits a stable and valid prediction of experimentally observed muscle spindle responses. At the same time, it presents a well-tuned Hill-type model as muscle spindle fibers – accounting for real sarcomere force-length and force-velocity aspects - and its activation dynamics is similar to the one applied to Hill-type model for extrafusal fibers, making it more easily integrated in multi-body simulations. Furthermore, this dissertation aims to demonstrate that the afferent firings from the muscle spindle model can be processed by neuronal networks and are important for motor control. Hence, the spindle model was integrated to a previous implemented extrafusal fiber model, inside of the demoa multi-body simulation framework. This structure composed by extrafusal (muscle) and intrafusal (spindle) fibers replaced the muscle-tendon units (MTUs) of a prior developed arm model composed by two degrees of freedom and six MTUs, into the same simulation framework. Additionally, a spinal cord model, based on literature, was implemented in the Nest spiking neural network simulator. The spinal network has 6 neurons per muscle - alpha, dynamic gamma and static gamma motoneurons, together with Ia, propriospinal and Renshaw interneurons – and their respective physiological connections. The coupling between demoa and Nest simulators was implemented using a Cython interface. The spinal cord network - in its two variations of complete and simpler circuitry (including only Renshaw pathway, without spindle proprioception) - had its synaptic weights optimized to perform a center-out reaching task using the musculoskeletal model, without and with perturbation (increment of lower arm segment in 1 kg). As result, the complete spinal cord circuitry learned how to successfully reach all the evaluated targets without and with perturbation, demonstrating the sensorimotor control learning in the environment formed from muscle spindle to spinal circuitry, encompassing the two simulators. On the other hand, the simpler spinal cord circuitry did not succeed in the task of reach all the targets, also demonstrating reduced performance with perturbation. Moreover, the spindle afferent synapses in the complete circuitry were intensified for the higher targets (considered more difficult under gravity) when comparing the scenarios without and with perturbation. Therefore, the muscle spindle connections were strengthened for difficult targets under perturbation, highlighting the importance of spindle proprioception in these more difficult scenarios, as well as indicated by the circuitry that does not consider proprioception and did not show a similar successful performance. Finally, this dissertation offers a novel possibility of neuro-musculoskeletal modelling environment formed with demoa and Nest simulators. Future outlook includes the integration of the musculoskeletal and spinal cord models with higher-level models of Central Nervous System, aligned to further sophisticated details of the current modelling, to allow a more comprehensive understanding of sensorimotor behavior.Item Open Access Fluid-phase transitions in a multiphasic model of CO2 sequestration into deep aquifers : a fully coupled analysis of transport phenomena and solid deformation(Stuttgart : Institut für Mechanik (Bauwesen), Lehrstuhl für Kontinuumsmechanik, Universität Stuttgart, 2017) Häberle, Kai; Ehlers, Wolfgang (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h. c.)Item Open Access Modulationsdotierte Germanium-MOSFETs für den Spin-Transport in zweidimensionalen Lochgasen(2023) Weißhaupt, David; Schulze, Jörg (Prof. Dr. habil.)Die Halbleiter-Spintronik beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung neuer Bauelementkonzepte, die den intrinsischen Spin-Freiheitsgrad des Elektrons ausnutzen. Dabei werden spin-basierte Logik-Bauelemente aufgrund des geringen Energiebedarfs zum Umschalten der Spin-Orientierung als aussichtsreiche Kandidaten für zukünftige Transistor-Anwendungen diskutiert. Anzuführen sind hierfür beispielsweise der Spin-Feldeffekttransistor (FET) nach Datta und Das sowie der Spin-Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter-FET von Sugahara und Tanaka. Für diese Bauteilkonzepte müssen jedoch vier grundlegende Komponenten beherrscht werden: Die Spin-Information muss in den Halbleiter eingebracht (Spin-Injektion), transportiert sowie evtl. manipuliert (Spin-Transport & Spin-Manipulation) und final wiederum detektiert (Spin-Detektion) werden. Für die Integration dieser Bauelemente in die bestehende komplementäre Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter-Technologie ist eine elektrische Spin-Injektion bzw. Spin-Detektion notwendig. Die Realisierung von halbleiterbasierten spintronischen Bauelementen erfordert allerdings ein Materialsystem, das gute Spin-Transporteigenschaften sowie eine starke Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung für eine potenzielle Spin-Manipulation aufweist. Als vielversprechendes System hat sich hier das zwei-dimensionale Lochgas (engl. „two-dimensional hole gas“, 2DHG), welches in einer Si1-xGex/Ge/Si1-xGex Heterostruktur gebildet wird, erwiesen. Trotz der guten Eignung dieses Systems konnte bisher noch keine elektrische Spin-Injektion demonstriert werden, hauptsächlich wegen der Schwierigkeit, zuverlässige ferromagnetische Kontakte mit dem vergrabenen 2DHG herzustellen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich nun mit der elektrischen Spin-Injektion und Spin-Detektion in ein hochbewegliches (µ = (3,02 ± 0,01) ⋅ 10^4 cm^2/Vs) Ge 2DHG. Die für das Ge 2DHG zugehörige Si1-xGex/Ge/Si1-xGex Heterostruktur wurde dabei mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie epitaktisch auf einem Si-Substrat gezüchtet. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden verschiedene Untersuchungsschwerpunkte adressiert. Zunächst werden zur Optimierung der Spin-Transporteigenschaften unterschiedliche Designs der Si1-xGex/Ge/Si1-xGex Heterostruktur auf der (100) Kristallorientierung untersucht. Dazu wurden anhand von Hall-Strukturen Tieftemperaturmagnetwiderstandsmessungen durchgeführt. Hierbei werden Shubnikov-de Haas Oszillationen beobachtet, aus denen die Ladungsträgerdichte, effektive Masse und Quantenstreuzeit des Ge 2DHGs extrahiert werden. Das daraus resultierende optimierte Design mit einer Modulationsdotierung von N_A = 5 ⋅ 10^17 cm^-3 und einer Ge-Quantentopf (engl. „quantum well“, QW) Dicke von d = 15 nm wird dann auf die (111) Kristallorientierung übertragen. Für die elektrische Spin-Injektion und Spin-Detektion werden als ferromagnetischen Kontakt dünne Mn5Ge3-Schichten, die mittels Interdiffusion direkt in den Ge-QW wachsen, benutzt. Dazu wird vor der Bildung der Kontakte die gesamte Si1-xGex-Deckschicht oberhalb des Ge-QWs mithilfe eines Trocken-Ätzprozesses entfernt. Zur Untersuchung der magnetischen Eigenschaften werden die so hergestellten Mn5Ge3-Mikromagnete mit einem supraleitenden Quanteninterferenzmagnetometer analysiert. Dabei konnte nur für die (111) Kristallorientierung die ferromagnetische Natur der gewachsenen Mn5Ge3-Schicht nachgewiesen werden. Durch die Variation der Formanisotropie ergeben sich unterschiedliche Koerzitivfeldstärken. Der Nachweis der elektrischen Spin-Injektion erfolgt schließlich anhand von Magnetwiderstandsmessungen an lateralen Mn5Ge3/Ge 2DHG/Mn5Ge3 Spin-Ventil Bauelementen. Dazu werden die zuvor untersuchten ferromagnetischen Mn5Ge3-Kontakte in einem Abstand von ca. l ≈ 135 nm im vergrabenen Ge-QW platziert. Die Experimente zeigen einen Riesenmagnetowiderstand (engl. „giant magneto resistance“, GMR) als Nachweis einer erfolgreichen elektrischen Spin-Injektion. Neben der elektrischen Spin-Injektion beinhaltet das auch den Spin-Transport im Ge 2DHG sowie die finale Spin-Detektion am zweiten ferromagnetischen Mn5Ge3-Kontakt. In Übereinstimmung zu den Spin-Transportuntersuchungen zeigt das GMR-Signal eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und konnte bis zu einer maximalen Temperatur von T = 13 K beobachtet werden. Neben der elektrischen Spin-Injektion und Spin-Detektion wird für die Realisierung von Spin-Transistoren eine funktionierende Gate-Technologie vorausgesetzt. Um diese zu demonstrieren, werden zunächst auf Basis des Ge 2DHGs klassische modulationsdotierte Feldeffekttransistoren (MODFET) hergestellt und elektrisch charakterisiert. Mit einem An-Aus-Verhältnis von I_ON/I_OFF = 3,2⋅10^6 bei einer Steilheit von SS = 64 mV⁄dec könnte der Ge 2DHG MODFET unabhängig von der Halbleiter-Spintronik auch für zukünftige Tieftemperaturanwendungen interessant sein. Der Spin-FET nach Datta und Das würde dann durch das Tauschen der Source-Drain-Kontakte in ferromagnetische Mn5Ge3-Kontakte entstehen. Technologisch bedingt sind im Rahmen dieser Arbeit allerdings nur Transistoren mit einer minimalen Gate-Länge von L = 1 µm herstellbar. Da der Spin im Ge 2DHG über diese Länge nicht transportiert werden kann, ist die Realisierung eines Spin-Transistors technologiebedingt nicht möglich.Item Open Access Influence of natural convection on melting of phase change materials(2019) Vogel, Julian; Thess, André (Prof. Dr.)Latent heat storage could play an important role in bridging the gap between supply and demand of sustainable energy sources. However, the numerical models for natural convection dominated melting that are needed for storage system design are not sufficiently validated, due to a lack of suitable experiments. A novel validation experiment for the melting of a model phase change material (n-octadecane) by heating from two vertical opposite sides was developed. The phase state and the velocities in the liquid phase were measured using shadowgraphy and Particle Image Velocimetry. Interior and boundary temperatures were measured with thermocouples. The performed experiments delivered space and time-resolved data of the relevant quantities including an error analysis. Two numerical models for natural convection dominated melting were developed with the commercial fluid flow solver ANSYS Fluent: a first detailed model with variable material properties allows volume expansion of the phase change material into an air phase with the volume of fluid method. A second simplified model assumes constant material properties and models buoyancy with the Boussinesq approximation. Due to similar results, the simplified model was selected to reproduce the experiment in a 3D simulation including mechanical and thermal boundary effects. The simulated velocities were found to be higher as in the experiment, but the liquid phase fraction and temperatures, which are more relevant to the design process, agreed well. In a numerical parameter study, the simplified model was used to investigate melting in rectangular enclosures with various dimensions. The influence of natural convection on heat transfer was assessed with the introduced convective enhancement factor, which was defined as the ratio of the actual heat flux to a hypothetical heat flux by conduction. The study was extended with experimental data for three different values of driving temperature difference. Correlations for the liquid phase fraction in dimensionless form were derived to predict similar melting processes for a large parameter range. This enables the consideration of natural convection in the design of latent heat storage systems without expensive and time-consuming numerical analyses.