Preliminary aircraft design for hybrid electric propulsion architectures : a focus on critical loss of thrust

Abstract

Hybrid electric propulsion architectures offer a promising solution for reducing fuel consumption and emissions in aviation. However, the introduction of dual-energy carriers adds complexity to preliminary aircraft design, particularly in terms of power distribution, failure analysis, and compliance with operational regulations. Key challenges include defining failure cases, which requires refining conventional constraint analysis for hybrid electric aircraft and integrating failure scenarios into mission analysis to meet certification specifications and regulatory requirements. This study presents a unified methodology that combines an analytical constraint analysis with a higher-fidelity numerical design loop implemented in the SUAVE framework to address these challenges. Key innovations include the introduction of new parameters - such as the supplied shaft power ratio - and the ability to assess failure scenarios through the definition of the critical loss of thrust, thereby extending the analysis beyond conventional one-engine-inoperative cases. The methodology also integrates an energy management strategy that dynamically allocates power between the primary and secondary energy carriers, thereby capturing the interaction between energy (mission analysis) and power (constraint analysis) requirements. The results from both the constraint and mission analyses, including en-route alternate aerodrome scenarios, demonstrate that employing batteries as the secondary energy carrier can reduce the oversizing of primary power sources. However, their effective utilization is highly sensitive and may necessitate adjustments in energy sizing. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating dual-energy carrier considerations early in the design process and highlight the impact of critical loss of thrust conditions on hybrid electric aircraft configurations, ultimately benefiting researchers and engineers.