Browsing by Author "Iran Pour, Siavash"

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Sampling the earth's time-variable gravity field from satellite orbit : design of future gravity satellite missions
(2013) Iran Pour, Siavash; Sneeuw, Nico (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
The launch of the GRACE mission has generated a broad interest within the geophysical community in the detection of temporal gravity fields and their applications, e.g. the detection of ice mass loss over Greenland and Antarctica, the hydrological cycle over Amazon and central Africa and the estimation of sea level rise. However the spatio-temporal resolution of GRACE solutions is limited by a restricted sensitivity of the metrology system, the reduced isotropy of the inline leader-follower formation (which mainly manifests itself in a North-South striped error pattern) and the temporal aliasing of high frequency time variable geophysical signals into the long time-interval solutions. When using high quality sensors in future gravity missions, aliasing of the high frequency (short period) geophysical signals to the lower frequency (longer period) signals is one of the most challenging obstacles. Two sampling theorems mainly govern the space-time sampling of a satellite-mission: (i) a Heisenberg-type principle in satellite geodesy which states that the product of spatial resolution and time resolution is constant, and (ii) the Colombo-Nyquist rule (CNR), which requires the number of satellite revolutions in the full repeat-cycle to be equal at least twice the maximum spherical harmonic degree to be detected. The latter rule, therefore, limits the spatial resolution of the solution. This study investigates the quality of sub-Nyquist recoveries, i.e. solutions from time intervals shorter than required by CNR, of different orbit configurations and satellite formations. In particular, the dependence of such quality on the measurement duration and ground-track patterns is investigated. It is shown that (i) the number of observations with specific coverage of the Earth by a satellite configuration (as indicated by a modified Colombo-Nyquist rule), (ii) the mission altitude and (iii) avoidance of large unobserved gaps by satellite ground-track patterns have the most important effect on the quality of the recoveries. The sub-cycle concept apparently does not play an important role in assessing the quality. Moreover, the study investigates the modified Colombo-Nyquist rule for two pairs of satellites, where the number of revolutions by both satellite pairs is taken into account. It is also found that sub-Nyquist recoveries by such double pair scenarios outperform the ones from single inline satellite missions with twice the size of time intervals. It is indeed expected that using an inclined satellite mission, together with a near-polar mission, adds East-West measurement component to the North-South component of the near-polar satellite mission. Furthermore, the short time interval recoveries suffer less from temporal aliasing of certain time-variable gravity field components. Consequently, it means that the recovery also benefits from higher time resolution. The gravity recovery simulations of this study are based on a quick-look tool, developed at the Institute of Geodesy, University of Stuttgart. The closed-loop simulation tool assumes a nominal repeat orbit for a satellite mission. Based on the quality assessment of the recoveries and the technical concerns with the implementation of formation flights, a near-polar moderate pendulum formation with an opening angle of less than 10°, approximately 300 km altitude and almost homogeneous gap evolution is suggested for a next generation of single pair gravity mission. For double pair satellite missions, a combination of a near-polar inline or moderate pendulum and a 72° inclined inline pair is recommended. The suggested optimal scenarios of this study are selected through the quality assessment of sub-Nyquist gravity recoveries of different configurations. It is also shown that the quality of the sub-Nyquist gravity recoveries can be improved by employing post processing tools. The post-processing tools of this research study include a white noise filter, based on EOF+KS-Test analysis and a regularization method which can handle all kinds of noise. The tools are employed to deal with the poorer quality of short-time interval recoveries due to the spatial aliasing, although it is almost impossible to remove all noise without diminishing some of the real signals.