Browsing by Author "Lungu, Cristiana"

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7

Open Access
Analysis of the substrate specificity of the SMYD2 protein lysine methyltransferase and discovery of novel non-histone substrates
(2019) Weirich, Sara; Schuhmacher, Maren Kirstin; Kudithipudi, Srikanth; Lungu, Cristiana; Ferguson, Andrew D.; Jeltsch, Albert
The SMYD2 protein lysine methyltransferase methylates various histone and non-histone proteins and is overexpressed in several cancers. Using peptide arrays, we investigated the substrate specificity of the enzyme, revealing a recognition of leucine (or weaker phenylalanine) at the -1 peptide site and disfavor of acidic residues at the +1 to +3 sites. Using this motif, novel SMYD2 peptide substrates were identified, leading to the discovery of 32 novel peptide substrates with a validated target site. Among them, 19 were previously reported to be methylated at the target lysine in human cells, strongly suggesting that SMYD2 is the protein lysine methyltransferase responsible for this activity. Methylation of some of the novel peptide substrates was tested at the protein level, leading to the identification of 14 novel protein substrates of SMYD2, six of which were more strongly methylated than p53, the best SMYD2 substrate described so far. The novel SMYD2 substrate proteins are involved in diverse biological processes such as chromatin regulation, transcription, and intracellular signaling. The results of our study provide a fundament for future investigations into the role of this important enzyme in normal development and cancer.
Open Access
Chromatin-dependent allosteric regulation of DNMT3A activity by MeCP2
(2018) Rajavelu, Arumugam; Lungu, Cristiana; Emperle, Max; Dukatz, Michael; Bröhm, Alexander; Broche, Julian; Hanelt, Ines; Parsa, Edris; Schiffers, Sarah; Karnik, Rahul; Meissner, Alexander; Carell, Thomas; Rathert, Philipp; Jurkowska, Renata Z.; Jeltsch, Albert
Despite their central importance in mammalian development, the mechanisms that regulate the DNA methylation machinery and thereby the generation of genomic methylation patterns are still poorly understood. Here, we identify the 5mC-binding protein MeCP2 as a direct and strong interactor of DNA methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) proteins. We mapped the interaction interface to the transcriptional repression domain of MeCP2 and the ADD domain of DNMT3A and find that binding of MeCP2 strongly inhibits the activity of DNMT3A in vitro. This effect was reinforced by cellular studies where a global reduction of DNA methylation levels was observed after overexpression of MeCP2 in human cells. By engineering conformationally locked DNMT3A variants as novel tools to study the allosteric regulation of this enzyme, we show that MeCP2 stabilizes the closed, autoinhibitory conformation of DNMT3A. Interestingly, the interaction with MeCP2 and its resulting inhibition were relieved by the binding of K4 unmodified histone H3 N-terminal tail to the DNMT3A-ADD domain. Taken together, our data indicate that the localization and activity of DNMT3A are under the combined control of MeCP2 and H3 tail modifications where, depending on the modification status of the H3 tail at the binding sites, MeCP2 can act as either a repressor or activator of DNA methylation.
Open Access
The GEF‐H1/PKD3 signaling pathway promotes the maintenance of triple‐negative breast cancer stem cells
(2019) Lieb, Wolfgang S.; Lungu, Cristiana; Tamas, Raluca; Berreth, Hannah; Rathert, Philipp; Storz, Peter; Olayioye, Monilola A.; Hausser, Angelika
Open Access
Golgi screen identifies the RhoGEF Solo as a novel regulator of RhoB and endocytic transport
(2023) Lungu, Cristiana; Meyer, Florian; Hörning, Marcel; Steudle, Jasmin; Braun, Anja; Noll, Bettina; Benz, David; Fränkle, Felix; Schmid, Simone; Eisler, Stephan A.; Olayioye, Monilola A.
The control of intracellular membrane trafficking by Rho GTPases is central to cellular homeostasis. How specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase‐activating proteins locally balance GTPase activation in this process is nevertheless largely unclear. By performing a microscopy‐based RNAi screen, we here identify the RhoGEF protein Solo as a functional counterplayer of DLC3, a RhoGAP protein with established roles in membrane trafficking. Biochemical, imaging and optogenetics assays further uncover Solo as a novel regulator of endosomal RhoB. Remarkably, we find that Solo and DLC3 control not only the activity, but also total protein levels of RhoB in an antagonistic manner. Together, the results of our study uncover the first functionally connected RhoGAP‐RhoGEF pair at endomembranes, placing Solo and DLC3 at the core of endocytic trafficking.
Open Access
Impact of repetitive, ultra-short soft X-ray pulses from processing of steel with ultrafast lasers on human cell cultures
(2024) Holland, Julian; Lungu, Cristiana; Weber, Rudolf; Emperle, Max; Graf, Thomas
Ultrafast lasers, with pulse durations below a few picoseconds, are of significant interest to the industry, offering a cutting-edge approach to enhancing manufacturing processes and enabling the fabrication of intricate components with unparalleled accuracy. When processing metals at irradiances exceeding the evaporation threshold of about 10 10 W/cm² these processes can generate ultra-short, soft X-ray pulses with photon energies above 5 keV. This has prompted extensive discussions and regulatory measures on radiation safety. However, the impact of these ultra-short X-ray pulses on molecular pathways in the context of living cells, has not been investigated so far. This paper presents the first molecular characterization of epithelial cell responses to ultra-short soft X-ray pulses, generated during processing of steel with an ultrafast laser. The laser provided pulses of 6.7 ps with a pulse repetition rate of 300 kHz and an average power of 500 W. The irradiance was 1.95 ×10 13 W/cm 2 . Ambient exposure of vitro human cell cultures, followed by imaging of the DNA damage response and fitting of the data to a calibrated model for the absorbed dose, revealed a linear increase in the DNA damage response relative to the exposure dose. This is in line with findings from work using continuous wave soft X-ray sources and suggests that the ultra-short X-ray pulses do not generate additional hazard. This research contributes valuable insights into the biological effects of ultrafast laser processes and their potential implications for user safety.
Open Access
Modular fluorescence complementation sensors for live cell detection of epigenetic signals at endogenous genomic sites
(2017) Lungu, Cristiana; Pinter, Sabine; Broche, Julian; Rathert, Philipp; Jeltsch, Albert
Investigation of the fundamental role of epigenetic processes requires methods for the locus-specific detection of epigenetic modifications in living cells. Here, we address this urgent demand by developing four modular fluorescence complementation-based epigenetic biosensors for live cell microscopy applications. These tools combine engineered DNA-binding proteins with domains recognizing target epigenetic marks, both fused to non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein. The presence of the epigenetic mark at the target DNA sequence leads to the reconstitution of a functional fluorophore. With this approach, we could for the first time directly detect DNA methylation and histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation at endogenous genomic sites in live cells and follow dynamic changes in these marks upon drug treatment, induction of epigenetic enzymes and during the cell cycle. We anticipate that this versatile technology will improve our understanding of how specific epigenetic signatures are set, erased and maintained during embryonic development or disease onset.
Open Access
Regulation and readout of mammalian DNA methylation
(2018) Lungu, Cristiana; Jeltsch, Albert (Prof. Dr.)
The mesmerizing phenotypical and functional diversity of mammalian cell types is to a large extent attributed to epigenetic signals that work together with the DNA sequence to determine gene expression programs. DNA methylation is one of the most important types of epigenetic signals and its paramount role was recognized in early genetic studies. Still, even after decades of active research, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the chromatin targeting and activity of DNA methyltransferases has not been achieved. In this work, three main directions of research were undertaken, with the ultimate goal of shedding mechanistic and methodological insights into the generation and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns. In the first project of this thesis, a combination of biochemical and cellular experiments was used to assess the cellular role of the putative chromatin remodeler HELLS, an essential cofactor of DNA methyltransferases. By employing chromatin fractionation assays and microscopy-based techniques, I could show that the ATPase activity of HELLS is necessary for the high nuclear mobility of the protein and its ability to get released from compacted chromatin sites. In addition, the H3K9me3 pathway was also found to play an important role in the exchange of HELLS at heterochromatin. Taken together, this work provides the first evidence for a role of ATP hydrolysis in the association between HELLS and chromatin and hints at a model where the fast exchange of HELLS at repetitive DNA sequences might enhance the local recruitment of epigenetic enzymes, such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). This could subsequently lead to the local stabilization of silencing complexes at heterochromatin. In the second project of this thesis, the putative interaction between the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A and the 5mC-reading protein MeCP2 was addressed. By building on previous data from our laboratory, which documented a direct interaction between the TRD domain of MeCP2 and the ADD domain of DNMT3A, causing an inhibition of DNMT3A activity in vitro, I could show that these proteins also interact in the mouse brain and the inhibitory effect of this interaction is also observed in stable cells lines overexpressing MeCP2. Furthermore, by using conformationally locked DNMT3A variants as novel tools to study the allosteric regulation of this enzyme, I could elucidate the mechanism of the inhibition of DNMT3A by MeCP2. Accordingly, I found that MeCP2 stabilizes an allosterically closed conformation of DNMT3A, an effect that could be successfully relieved by addition of unmodified histone H3. These results were supported by whole genome bisulfite brain methylome analysis of a Mecp2 knockout mouse model. Collectively, the findings derived from this project offer unprecedented insights into the regulation of DNMT3A activity and propose a model in which the enzyme is under the combined control of MeCP2 and H3 tail modifications. Accordingly, depending on the modification status of the H3 tail at target sites, MeCP2 can act as either a repressor or activator of DNA methylation. Finally, in the third project of this thesis, the focus was placed on the development and application of a novel method that would enable for the first time the locus-specific visualization of epigenetic modifications in living mammalian cells. This urgent and unmet technological need was solved by developing a set of modular fluorescence complementation-based epigenetic biosensors for live cell microscopy applications. In these tools, the high DNA sequence specificity of engineered anchor proteins such as ZFs, TALEs, and CRISPR/Cas9 proteins, was combined with the great versatility of chromatin reading domains as natural detector modules of DNA methylation and histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation. With this approach, I could detect both of these marks for the first time, at defined, endogenous DNA sequences in different mouse and human cell lines. Furthermore, I could follow the changes in the levels of these epigenetic modifications with locus-specific resolution after treatment with epigenetic inhibitors or the induction of epigenetic enzymes. It is anticipated that either in their present form or in combination with the ongoing developments in genomic targeting and microscopy technologies, these tools will greatly improve our understanding of how specific epigenetic signals, like DNA methylation, are set, erased and maintained during embryonic development or onset of disease. Taken together, the results of this doctoral thesis demonstrate how a synergistic use of biochemical and cellular methods allows to derive deep insights into the epigenetic signaling network centered around the regulation of mammalian DNA methylation.