Browsing by Author "Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)"

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Open Access
Bauen im Barrio. Typen und Regeln informeller Architektur : Fallstudie Barrio Los Minas, Santo Domingo
(2013) Reynoso Arias, Rosaleda; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Beziehung zwischen den Erbauer-Bewohnern und ihren Behausungen in Informellen Siedlungen zu untersuchen und zu klären. Dazu wurden 20 Haushalte in der Siedlung Los Minas in Santo Domingo in der Dominikanischen Republik befragt. Die Bautätigkeiten und Nutzungsänderungen der Räume im Zeitablauf wurden mit den Veränderungen der Haushalte (Anzahl, Geschlecht, Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen, Familienstand der Haushaltsmitglieder) in Verbindung gebracht, um diese Beziehung sichtbar zu machen und zu verstehen. Das wichtigste Ergebnis der Untersuchungen ist, dass die Familien sich mehr als ein einfaches Obdach errichtet haben. Geschaffen haben sie mit eigenen Praktiken ein architektonisches Gebilde mit eigenen Charakteristiken, das ihnen erlaubt, sich in ihrer Nachbarschaft als erfolgreich darzustellen.
Open Access
Growth without sprawl - conversion as an instrument for sustainable urban development : case study Bogotá, Colombia
(2009) Leyva Douat, Nicolas; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
Transformation is an intrinsic characteristic of the city. Today, cities around the globe experience the consequences of an urban revolution. While some conurbations undergo processes of deindustrialization, others, mostly in developing countries, are still experiencing the phases of industrialization in the form of an explosive urbanization. The negative effects of urban sprawl are mostly palpable in the destruction of environments, the unnecessary use of resources and an increase of social segregation. Urban sprawl is also linked to the deterioration of centers and to an inefficient distribution of land uses. Sustainable urban development implies a more environmental and social handling of urban land. An effective strategy to counteract urban sprawl is the implementation of inner urban development by means of conversion, which is understood as a reutilization of brownfields or suboptimally used urban sites by introducing new land uses. Frequent examples of potentially convertible sites are former industrial and military areas, as well as infrastructural sites such as railways and ports. Many European cities have faced the challenge of turning urban development more sustainable. Stuttgart has demonstrated how inner development is a feasible task when planners are equipped with adequate instruments for implementation. Stuttgart has revitalized innumerable areas which had suffered the effects of postindustrialization and the end of Cold War. The city has become an international paradigm of sustainable development. In the last two decades, Bogotá has experienced a revolution in terms of urban planning. However, the city has still not realized the importance of stopping urban sprawl. A true sustainable development can only be attained by systematically identifying conversion areas and by managing and promoting their development. Until now, Bogotá has very few examples of conversion projects in spite of its enormous potential for inner development. Cities must rethink their development strategies and look for paradigms in order to face the ever more complex urban problems. The present work intends to prove that Bogotá not only meets the conditions for implementing conversion measures, but that it also has the legal platform to rethink traditional methods of urban planning. In an investor-oriented city like Bogotá, urban conversion constitutes an instrument for the reduction of demand for new urban land. Conversion also constitutes a chance of improving spatial and social quality. It becomes an opportunity to generate social inclusion by assigning central areas for the development of socially and functionally mixed spaces. In this context, the approach to inner development in Bogotá has a strong social component. Improving urban quality of life requires new visions. In a rapidly urbanizing world, decision-makers need to develop strategies to make our natural habitat (which is the city) more livable. This work intends to contribute to this objective.
Open Access
Post-oil urbanism in the Gulf : case study: Kingdom of Bahrain
(2010) Wiedmann, Florian; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
Since the end of the 20th century the governments of various Gulf States have been attempting to diversify their oil-dependent economies. This has resulted in a new type of urbanism, often referred to as post-oil urbanism. The first model of post-oil urbanism was the Emirate of Dubai due to its pioneering efforts during the 90s when it initiated its economic transformation into a global service hub by introducing open market policies. This liberalisation included the local real-estate market, which opened up for regional and international investment. The big success of this new strategy, which has been mainly driven by speculation, has made Dubai a role model of exponential urban growth in the region. Hence, there has been widespread imitation of its development strategy by other GCC countries such as the Kingdom of Bahrain. In the case of Bahrain the liberalised real-estate market has led to the transformation of its built environment due to the construction of several mega-projects and hundreds of high-rises along its coasts. Subsequently, the population has grown from around just 660,000 inhabitants in 2001 to more than 1 million in 2008. In order to attract investment and sustain the speed of development, restrictions have become more and more relaxed, leading to a new form of urban governance in which private investors have become the main driving force. Thus, a growing number of developers have gained the right to design the individual master plans of their projects, leading to an urban development that is not guided by any overall plan but is instead the accumulation of individual case-by-case decisions. The speed and size of recent projects in combination with shrinking restrictions have resulted in a decreasing quality of the built environment in certain areas, particularly due to a deficit of technical and social infrastructure. The recent development of Bahrain's capital Manama and its three main expansion areas is an example of the current urbanisation in the Gulf, where speculation-driven development has led to fast urban growth without sufficiently integrating the needs of liveable cities. Today, the establishment of an integrated development strategy in order to encourage balanced and consolidated urban growth has become the biggest challenge of urbanism in the Gulf. While restrictions on the private sector would be necessary for this, the pressure to attract investors forces a continuation of de-centralisation and liberalisation. Subsequently, a major challenge for urban governance in the Gulf is to elaborate a comprehensive plan that integrates various development strategies in addition to a system of implementation providing flexibility and effectiveness. Thus, urban planning in the Gulf has reached a turning point in which the outdated preparation of master plans is being replaced by city visions based on economic diversification strategies and thus the interests of the private sector. The recent outbreak of the global financial crisis has put additional pressure on current post-oil urbanism to define its way between "event urbanism" and "sustainable urbanisation".
Open Access
Rehabilitating camp cities : community driven planning for urbanised refugee camps
(2009) Misselwitz, Philipp; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
Focussing on Palestine refugee camps in the Near East, this dissertation aims to shed light on the potential relevance of urban planning to refugee camp environments worldwide. In particular, there is a focus on the role architects and urban planners can play in facilitating participatory planning processes as well as providing guidance and expertise in the development of a spatial vision for Camp Cities. Part I - The Urbanisation of Refugee Camps as a Global Challenge The first part of the dissertation provides an overview of global phenomenon of refugee camp urbanisation. Notions of "Camp-City", "Virtual City" and other conceptual models developed by international scholars in relation to camp urbanisation will be introduced and critically discussed in relation to existing tools and policy guidelines developed by the main agents of international refugee protection. The chapter focuses on debates and discussions that have led to the recent revival of "developmental" and "rights-based" approaches to UNHCR policies and programmes. However, the brief analysis of actual situations in three exemplary African camps reveals the many political hurdles and obstacles, which prevent a full implementation of a developmental and rights based approach in practice. Part II - Palestine Camp Cities: Case Studies of Urbanised Refugee Camps in the Near East The second part of the dissertation introduces Palestine refugee camps, the main focus of this dissertation and explains in detail the factors that have led to a spectacular and perhaps unparalleled urbanisation process. The discussion centres on the results of three holistic case studies of exemplary Palestine refugee camps in the West Bank. Analytical tools and methodologies from urban research in informal settlement contexts are applied to analyse land use, zoning, degrees of density and congestion, building safety, infrastructure and the camp's physical integration into its urban, suburban or rural context. The spatial-physical situation analysis is complemented by an analysis of urbanisation in social and cultural terms including the camp's institutions, leadership as well as gender roles, internal and external conflicts and resolution models. Part III - Camp Improvement Planning: Piloting Community-driven Urban Rehabilitation for Palestine Camp Cities The third part provides a critical reflection on the pilot project in participatory camp improvement conducted by the UNRWA-Stuttgart planning team between 2007 and 2008. Successes and conflicts of planning process are being analysed, followed by critical comments on key outstanding issues that need to be resolved before camp improvement can be fully launched in all camps. Three speculative scenarios are introduced: A worst case scenario which predicts a catastrophic future for Camp Cities in case the camp improvement initiative or its successors will fail. A second scenario speculates on how successful camp improvement might prevent the gloomy predictions of scenario one as a "best possible compromise" in the context of an enduring refugee crisis. While camp rehabilitation cannot and should not substitute a long-overdue political settlement, in the intermediate term, the traditional notion of "Refugee camps" could be radically redefined in the interest of those suffering under the extreme congestion, poverty and dehumanised environment of the present. The final scenario describes a situation in which "peace breaks out". How might the reality of a negotiated peaceful settlement ending the Palestinian-Israeli conflict impact on the Camp Cities? Part IV - Conclusion In the final part of the dissertation the author draws more general conclusions on the applicability of the CIP methodology to refugee camps beyond the Middle East, arguing that Palestine camps - which are both, the most urbanised, and also the best-funded - should lead the search for innovative approaches to camp urbanisation worldwide. Facing increasing protracted and urbanised camp situations, the UNHCR and other actors of the international refuge regime could benefit from the Palestinian experience. The application of the Palestine model of integrated, community driven urban planning to other camps that have not yet reached the critical levels of congestion could prevent a "disaster in the making". Furthermore, the CIP model provides lessons which can be useful to non-refugee contexts such as informally developed, congested and impoverished urban settings in the Middle Eastern region and beyond, and help to champion notions such as grass-root participation, community empowerment, and strategic planning.
Open Access
Städtebauentwicklung in Qingdao (Tsingtau) : eine historische, soziale und städtebauliche Analyse zur Verbesserung der Städtebauentwicklung
(2013) Wang, Jianan; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
Diese Abhandlung beschäftigt sich mit der östlichen Küstenstadt Qingdao und mit der Analyse der positiven und negativen Faktoren der chinesischen Stadtentwicklung. Die Arbeit untersucht den Zustand der chinesischen Stadtentwicklung und will diese übersichtlich und anschaulich präsentieren sowie Vorschläge für die zukünftige Entwicklung machen.
Open Access
Strukturwandel urbaner Agglomerationen in Mexiko, 1990 - 2005 - Fallstudie Querétaro
(2009) Göbel, Christof; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
Das globale Tendenz der Urbanisierung spiegelt sich auch in Mexiko wider, da sich das Stadtwachstum seit den 70er Jahren nicht mehr nur auf die Metropolen Mexiko-Stadt, Monterrey und Guadalajara beschränkt, sondern eine große Anzahl sogenannter Mittelstädte bzw. heutiger urbaner Agglomerationen mit 100.000 bis 1 Million Einwohner betrifft. Durch die Dezentralitätsbemühungen der Landesregierung gestürzt und gefördert, veränderten viele ehemalige mexikanische Provinzstädte ihren städtischen Charakter radikal. Die Dissertation beschreibt anhand der Fallstudie Querétaro den räumlich-stadtstrukturellen Wandel einer dieser (schnell-)wachsenden urbanen Agglomerationen und konzentriert sich auf den Zeitraum von 1990 bis 2005. Es zeigte sich ein anhaltendes sowohl physisches als auch demografisches Wachstum: So expandierte die aus den vier Gemeinden Santiago de Querétaro, Corregidora, El Marqués und Huimilpan gebildete Stadt Querétaro von 6.429,53 ha 1990 binnen 15 Jahren auf 17.240,92 ha, während die Einwohnerzahl von 552.470 auf 950.828 Einwohnern anstieg. Ein Vergleich der Einwohnerzahlen mit der Flächenausdehnung ergibt, dass die Siedlungsdichte von 86 Einwohner/ ha auf 55 Einwohner/ ha abnahm. Dies lässt sich neben den flächenintensiven Industrieansiedlungen auch auf einen allgemeinen Anstieg der Lebensqualität zurückführen, welcher sich im Bau öffentlicher Einrichtungen wie Universitäten und Krankenhäuser ausdrückt. Darüber hinaus begründen auch die Abnahme der durchschnittlichen Familiengrößen sowie der unaufhaltsame Einzug des Autos in die mexikanische Gesellschaft den Wandel der Stadtstruktur, da erst durch das Auto größere Entfernungen innerhalb einer Stadt mühelos überbrückt werden können. Allerdings impliziert der Dichteverlust wie auch die Fragmentierung des Stadtkörpers eine relative Unwirtschaftlichkeit, d.h. lange Infrastrukturstränge bzw. Anfahrtswege. Zudem bewirkt die auf den wirtschaftlichen Fortschritt bedachte Politik des Neoliberalismus enorme Umweltbeeinträchtigungen, im Falle Querétaros insbesondere das dramatische Absinken des Grundwasserspiegels. So verlief Querétaros Wandel von einem einst beschaulichen Landwirtschaftzentrum in eine urbane Agglomeration mit Metropolcharakter nicht ohne negative Nebenwirkungen. Stattdessen repräsentiert Querétaro heute eine typische Industriestadt des beginnenden 21. Jahrhunderts, in welcher Tradition, moderner Fortschritt und Armut oftmals unvermittelt aufeinander prallen. Die Auswertung der Entwicklungsdynamik zwischen 1990 und 2005 mündet in einer schematischen Darstellung Querétaros, welche die wichtigsten stadtstrukturellen Merkmale der Transformationsprozesse beschreibt. Die Arbeit schließt mit Kurzstudien der urbanen Agglomerationen Aguascalientes und Veracruz, deren städtebauliche Entwicklung zwischen 1990 und 2005 ähnlich wie Queretaro durch eine ‚explosive’ Expansion, Dispersion, sozialräumliche Segregation, Privatisierung öffentlicher Räume, den starken Kontrast zwischen dem In- und dem Formellen sowie die Problematik steigender Umweltbeeinträchtigungen gekennzeichnet wurde.
Open Access
Traditionelle Stadtquartiere in Semarang und Yogyakarta, Indonesien - Möglichkeiten der Revitalisierung und innovativen Nutzung des historischen Städtebaus
(2005) Zahnd, Markus; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
In der Einleitung zu dieser Arbeit wird der geringe Bezug von heute angewandten indonesischen Stadtplanungskonzepten zu der städtebaulich heute wirksamen Realität in indonesischen Städten festgestellt. Die gegenwärtige indonesische Stadtplanung baut auf westlichem städtebaulichem Gedankengut auf, während der eigentliche Städtebau in Indonesien nach östlicher Weise und asiatisch beeinflussten Prinzipien abläuft. Die Untersuchung stellt die vorhandene städtebauliche Situation grundsätzlich als ineffektiv und ineffizient in Frage und begründet dies im ersten Teil der Arbeit. Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, welches die spezifischen Betrachtungen und Überlegungen sind, denen Entwurfskonzeptionen und –strategien unterliegen, um indonesische Stadtquartiere nachhaltig gestalten und entwickeln zu können. Die Hypothese lautet: Aus der städtebaulichen Analyse von historisch gewachsenen Quartieren in indonesischen Städten lassen sich Grundlagen für innovative Umsetzungen für nachhaltige Stadtquartiere ableiten. Anhand der Untersuchung der historisch städtebaulichen Entwicklung auf Java wird gezeigt, wie vielschichtig und überlagernd diese Städte aufgebaut sind. Im Besonderen werden dabei vier wesentliche historische Epochen inbezug zu diesen Städten untersucht. Anschliessend richtet sich der Blick auf die heutige städtebauliche Situation Indonesiens. Die Diskrepanz von Modernität und Tradition des gegenwärtigen Städtebaus wird erläutert. Eine Übersicht stellt heute angewandte Planungskonzepte und Strategien dar. Die vorhandene grosse Komplexität und Unübersichtlichkeit des städtebaulichen Planungsprozess zeigt daraus resultierende Folgen für die indonesische Stadtentwicklung in der Praxis. Um diesen Umstand zu verbessern, werden konkrete städtebauliche Anforderungen für zukünftige indonesische Städte und Stadtquartiere gestellt. Die Richtung einer neuen kontextuellen Stadtplanungspraxis wird aufgezeigt, damit diese in Zukunft in der städtebaulichen Praxis relevanter Einfluss nehmen kann. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit analysiert eine empirische Untersuchung in Yogyakarta und Semarang anhand konkreter Fallbeispiele die zwei indonesischen Stadttypen (Binnenstadt und Küstenstadt) und zwei darin enthaltene, gegensätzlich aufgebaute Quartiertypen (islamisches und chinesisches Viertel). Die detaillierte Analyse zeigt in graphischen und numerischen Darstellungen den quantitativen und qualitativen Zustand dieser Gebiete von Stadtebene (Makro) bis Gebäudeebene (Mikro). Das vorhandene städtebauliche Potential, aber auch die darin enthaltenen Probleme werden gezeigt und miteinander verglichen. Daraus leiten sich allgemeingültige städtebauliche Erkenntnisse ab, in denen das Potential für einen zukünftig relevanten, kontextuellen Städtebau liegt. Für die untersuchten historisch entstandenen Stadtteile werden konkrete Ansätze für eine Revitalisierung gezeigt. Im Schlussteil der Arbeit wird ein Vorschlag für ein verdichtetes, flächendeckendes Bebauungsmodell für neue Stadtquartiere vorgestellt. Fünf städtebauliche Strukturen und drei Ebenen umreissen ein stadtplanerisches Netz, in dem in fünf Schritten ein Werkzeugkasten mit dazu gehörenden städtebaulichen Bauelementen und Werkzeugen aufgebaut ist. Der Umgang damit wird kurz erläutert und einige Beispiele zeigen die darin enthaltenen städtebaulichen Möglichkeiten ansatzweise auf. Die abschliessenden Bemerkungen befassen sich mit den Grenzen der vorliegenden Arbeit und zeigen, in welche Richtung weiterführende Forschungen zum vorliegenden Thema gehen.
Open Access
Transformations and conservation of the ex-colonial dwelling settlements in North Bandung - Indonesia : a historical and urban architectural review for the search of city identity and conservation strategy approaches
(2008) Ignasia, Helena; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
North Bandung has so many unique potential urban features that were utilized by the Dutch colonial town planners as influential considerations in arranging the planning concepts. The adoption of the European "Garden City" in Indonesia was initially established in this area. The garden city concepts employed local contents at the same time, and this has made the dwelling quarters in North Bandung unique. A mixed-levels housing plan in the urban design, where low, middle, and upper-level dwelling units were combined was implemented together in an integrated plan of the urban structure in this area. The strong character of "Art Deco" decorated the façades of the buildings in the quarters and has also made North Bandung architecturally interesting and valuable. Bandung became one of the best examples of "tropical art nouveau" in Southeast Asia in the colonial era. Today, this city has to face the challenges of uncontrolled growth mainly caused by urbanization. The development in this city has not only expanded to the periphery but also taken place within the inner city areas, where historical quarters exist. Transformations and demolitions of land use have long been going on, and have been worsened and taken on the face of the practice of commercialisation, land speculation, and ongoing densification. This culminates into the neglect of rich cultural values of their localities that have long characterized and become the identity of such quarters. These forces are creating tension in such areas and thus are among other current important tasks of city planning in Bandung today. This study tries to observe and seek the existing values in the ex-colonial dwelling quarters in North Bandung both in terms of architecture and urban planning in order to understand how they became the identity of and built image in such a built environment and how they became implemented in planning in the inhabitable dwelling environment. The research is also aimed at getting a better understanding of the various influences that determine the uncontrolled urban development process and transformations within the historic setting and tries to rediscover the historical denominations in all of their complexity. Finally, this research will try to provide some recommendations and suggestions for developing concrete actions of conservation strategies, which can be implemented both in the selected case study and/or in other similar cases in Indonesian cities.
Open Access
Visual design guidelines : for medium-sized cities ; the case of El-Minya City - Egypt
(2003) Ali, EmadEL-Den A. H.; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
Egyptian cities have seen many changes under different socio-economic and political forces, especially over the last 150 years: by the end of the 19th century, the setting up of colonial cities beside traditional ones; by mid-1960, is the establishment of public housing estates; after 1970, the development of modern districts; and finally, the emergence and growth of informal settlements. The city offers, thus, a subsequent development at different times, with each pattern having a different character. Over the past three decades, Egyptian cities have undergone fundamental changes and rapid urbanization. The changes caused environmental problems and degradation. The change and transformation of the cities led to a disrupted the townscape, fragmentation and contradiction between new and old, degradation of historic districts and significant architecture, unplanned developments, in addition to unattractive visual appearances. The problem of the transform of Egyptian cities stems from a variety of well known reasons: a rapid increase in population not matched by new housing; an internal migration from rural to urban centres; a deterioration of old parts of the city without upgrading or equivalent replacement; an accumulation of housing shortages over the years, and finally, the neglect of visual design aspects in current development planning in Egypt. The examining of the Egyptian city is indicating that each part contains a specific physical problem. In the traditional district, poor economic conditions of residents, lack of commitment and maintenance of buildings lead to a rapid dilapidation of the housing stack. Collapsed buildings were replaced by new structures of different characters and qualities. In the colonial districts, historic buildings were destroyed and replaced with new high-rise apartment buildings. Because of a lack of tight municipal control, owners were able to add more floors than building regulations permitted. In many modern districts, weakness and ignorance of building regulations lead to an absence of coherence, which lowered the visual qualities of these districts. As a result of the inappropriateness of public housing and its failure to respond to users’ needs, many families decided to engage in informal building activities inside the formal sector. On the other hand, the informal settlements represent a low-quality development and a constant transformation. The informal settlements generally are characterized by the poverty of the inhabitants, social marginalization, makeshift characteristics of the houses, unplanned development, deviation from planning and building laws. The objective of this thesis is to explore the appropriate visual design guidelines, which can enhance the visual qualities and improve the urban environment of Egyptian cities. The research has attempted to focus on the visual qualities of EL-Minya City, as one of the Egyptian medium-sized cities, which was left on the fringes for a long time. The research is divided into five chapters. In chapter one, the visual characteristics of Arabic cities will be examined in order to define their key features. Chapter two identifies the main forces and factors of the current urban development in Egypt. Chapter three analyses the visual qualities of EL-Minya City as one of the medium-sized cities in Egypt. Chapter four introduces actual experiences of renewal projects in Arabic cities. Chapter five presents the recommendations of the research.
Open Access
Wohnungsbauentwicklung in Qingdao (Tsingtau) : eine historische, soziale und wohnungsbauliche Analyse zur Verbesserung der Wohnungsbauentwicklung
(2013) Deng, Ri; Ribbeck, Eckhart (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
Diese Abhandlung beschäftigt sich als Fallstudie mit der östlichen Küstenstadt Qingdao und befasst sich mit der Ermittlung und Analyse der positiven und negativen Faktoren der chinesischen Wohnungsentwicklung. Die Arbeit versucht den Zustand der chinesischen Wohnungsbauentwicklung zu untersuchen, diese übersichtlich und anschaulich zu präsentieren und macht Vorschläge für die zukünftige Entwicklung.