Browsing by Author "Sobek, Werner"
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Item Open Access An actuator concept for adaptive concrete columns(2021) Steffen, Simon; Nitzlader, Markus; Burghardt, Timon; Binz, Hansgeorg; Blandini, Lucio; Sobek, WernerThe building industry accounts for half of the global resource consumption and roughly one third of global CO2 emissions. Global population growth and increasing resource scarcities require engineers and architects to build for more people with less material and emissions. One promising solution are adaptive load-bearing structures. Here, the load-bearing structure is equipped with actuators, sensors, and a control unit which allows the structure to adapt to different load cases, resulting in substantial material savings. While the first prototypes use industry standard actuators to manipulate deformations and stress states, it is essential to develop actuator concepts which fit the specific requirements of civil engineering structures. This paper introduces new concepts for linear actuators, developed within the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 1244 Adaptive Skins and Structures for the Built Environment of Tomorrow, which can be used as adaptive concrete columns. The concept of an actuator which actuates a concrete column by external compression through hydraulic pressure is discussed in further detail. This concept allows for controlled axial extension while also increasing the compressive strength of the concrete column.Item Open Access Auf pneumatisch gestützten Schalungen hergestellte Betonschalen(1987) Sobek, Werner; Schlaich, Jörg (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. e.h.)In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Herstellung von dünnen Betonschalen mittels pneumatisch gestützter Schalungen im Hinblick auf Entwurf, Konstruktion und Bauausführung untersucht. Am Beginn der Arbeit steht eine Sammlung von Projekten, Versuchsbauten und Hauptausführungen. Sie zeigt den Stand der Baukunst auf diesem Gebiet auf und weist auf noch offene Fragestellungen hin. Letztere werden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt: Fragen zum Entwurf und Fragen zur Bauausführung.Item Open Access Bauen mit Membranen : Überdachung von zwei Warenhäusern in Kalifornien(1982) Sobek, WernerIm Südteil der Stadt San Jose an der San Franzisco Bay in Kalifornien wurde 1978 eine Ladenstrasse eröffnet, an deren Ende sich ein zweigeschossiges Kaufhaus befindet: Bullocks Department Store. Bei diesem Gebäude wurde das mittlere Drittel der sonst in konventioneller Flachdachbauweise erstellten Dachfläche durch ein Membrantragwerk überdacht. Eine Grundfläche von 30 x 50 m wurde mit 2 Paaren sich kreuzender HolzleimBogenbinder überspannt, über die sich eine schneeweisse Gewebemembran mit 1700 m² Fläche zieht.Item Open Access Bauen mit textilen Werkstoffen(1993) Sobek, Werner; Frerichs, GerdDie Membrane ist raumbildendes Element und tragendes Bauteil zugleich. Aufgrund der hohen Festigkeiten der verwendeten Fasern und der durch die ausschließliche Zugbeanspruchung der Bauteile bedingten hohen Effektivität des lastabtragenden Systems können enorme Spannweiten bei einer gleichzeitig nur ca. 1 mm betragenden Bauteildicke erreicht werden.Item Open Access Brücken zum Anfassen : Fußgängerbrücken in Stuttgart ; Konstruktion und Gestalt ; Tragwerk und Form ; eine Herausforderung an Ingenieure(1982) Sobek, WernerFußgängerbrücken sind anders. Verkehrsbrücken beeinflußt der Verkehr mit allen seinen rationalen Zwängen. Fußgängerbrücken gehören alleine dem Menschen. Der menschliche Maßstab bestimmt Konstruktion und Gestalt. Gehen und Stehen, Sehen und Anfassen vermitteln das Erlebnis des Überganges, des Überwindens von Trennendem. Fußgängerbrücken folgen auch funktionalen Bedingungen. Das ist mit Gewißheit nicht das Entscheidende, sondern das Maß des Schönen, des Angenehmen, des Wohlgefälligen, vielleicht auch des Erfühlten, was irgend nur den Weg des Menschen über eine Brücke begleiten kann, gehören dazu.Item Open Access Concrete shells constructed on pneumatic formwork(1986) Sobek, WernerIn recent decades the number of concrete shells constructed has continued to decline. This is in large measure attributable to the high costs of the formwork: construction of the spatially curved formwork surface using conventional formwork methods is labor-intensive and rates of pay in industrialized countries are high. Consequently, the design solutions based on conventional methods are not economically justifiable. There was, therefore, reason enough to make concrete shell construction competitive again by developing less costly formwork methods. One such method is pneumatically supported formwork.Item Open Access Covering "Les Arènes de Nîmes" with an air-inflated fabric structure(1989) Bergermann, Rudolf; Sobek, WernerTogether with a team of architects, we started to develop and to design a structure which should cover the central part of the arena. The design yielded to a lightweight structure which is able to be installed within 21 days, designed to withstand a windspeed of 200 km/h and able to carry a snow load of 360 to - more than twice the deadweight of the new building. The air inflated cushion consists out of PVC-coated PETP-fabric membranes.Item Open Access D1244: Design and construction of the first adaptive high-rise experimental building(2022) Blandini, Lucio; Haase, Walter; Weidner, Stefanie; Böhm, Michael; Burghardt, Timon; Roth, Daniel; Sawodny, Oliver; Sobek, WernerAn interdisciplinary research team of the University of Stuttgart has been working extensively since 2017 on the development and integration of adaptive systems and technologies in order to provide solutions for a more sustainable built environment. An experimental 36.5 m tall high-rise building, called D1244, was designed and completed in 2021 to show the potential of adaptive structures and facades as well as to verify on a real scale the developed systems and the related numerical predictions. The building was designed to offer a flexible experimental platform: each component is dismountable so that structural as well as facades elements can be replaced with new ones introducing new functionalities to be investigated. The structure is currently equipped with twenty-four hydraulic actuators that are installed in the columns and diagonal bracers. Strain gauge sensors and an optical tracking system are employed to monitor the state of the structural system. This paper describes the design and construction of the adaptive tower as well as the preliminary experimental testing on different scaled structural prototypes. The research work on these prototypes provided relevant information for the final set-up of the high-rise building. An outlook on future research, including the planned first structural testing phase and the implementation of adaptive facade systems, is included at the end.Item Open Access Item Open Access Entwerfen von Tragwerken(1991) Schlaich, Jörg; Sobek, WernerDas am Institut für Tragwerksentwurf und -konstruktion angebotene Seminar versucht, seitens der Bauingenieurausbildung neue Wege zu gehen und zu initiieren. Dabei wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Lehre des Entwerfens von tragenden Strukturen sowie die Vermittlung übergeordneter Zusammenhänge bei der Entwurfsarbeit und bei der Zusammenarbeit mit Architekten gesetzt.Item Open Access Die Herstellung von Betonschalen auf pneumatisch gestützten Schalungen(1991) Sobek, WernerIn einem kurzen Abriß werden in dem nachfolgenden Aufsatz einige der wesentlichen Gesichtspunkte bei der Verwendung pneumatisch gestützter Schalungen angesprochen. bevor näher auf die bisher entwickelten Bauverfahren und die damit gemachten Erfahrungen eingegangen wird.Item Open Access Holistic quality model and assessment : supporting decision-making towards sustainable construction using the design and production of graded concrete components as an example(2022) Frost, Deniz; Gericke, Oliver; Di Bari, Roberta; Balangé, Laura; Zhang, Li; Blagojevic, Boris; Nigl, David; Haag, Phillip; Blandini, Lucio; Jünger, Hans Christian; Kropp, Cordula; Leistner, Philip; Sawodny, Oliver; Schwieger, Volker; Sobek, WernerThis paper describes a holistic quality model (HQM) and assessment to support decision-making processes in construction. A graded concrete slab serves as an example to illustrate how to consider technical, environmental, and social quality criteria and their interrelations. The evaluation of the design and production process of the graded concrete component shows that it has advantages compared to a conventional solid slab, especially in terms of environmental performance. At the same time, the holistic quality model identifies potential improvements for the technology of graded concrete. It will be shown that the holistic quality model can be used to (a) consider the whole life cycle in decision-making in the early phases and, thus, make the complexity of construction processes manageable for quality and sustainability assessments and (b) make visible interdependencies between different quality and sustainability criteria, to help designers make better-informed decisions regarding the overall quality. The results show how different quality aspects can be assessed and trade-offs are also possible through the understanding of the relationships among characteristics. For this purpose, in addition to the quality assessment of graded concrete, an overview of the interrelations of different quality characteristics is provided. While this article demonstrates how a HQM can support decision-making in design, the validity of the presented evaluation is limited by the data availability and methodological challenges, specifically regarding the quantification of interrelations.Item Open Access Integration of LCA in the planning phases of adaptive buildings(2019) Schlegl, Friederike; Honold, Clemens; Leistner, Sophia; Albrecht, Stefan; Roth, Daniel; Haase, Walter; Leistner, Philip; Binz, Hansgeorg; Sobek, WernerThe high consumption of resources in the building industry requires a significant reduction of material in buildings and consequently a reduction of emissions over all phases of the life cycle. This is the aim of the Collaborative Research Centre 1244 Adaptive Skins and Structures for the Built Environment of Tomorrow, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), which addresses research on the development and integration of adaptive systems in building structures and skins. New approaches in building planning are required for the implementation of adaptive buildings. Therefore, a multidisciplinary team from various fields such as architecture, civil and mechanical engineering, and system dynamics is necessary. The environmental impacts of the whole life cycle have to be considered for an integral planning process for adaptive buildings right from the beginning. For the integration of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), four temporal and content-related interfaces were identified in the planning process. Inputs and outputs of the LCA were defined for the relevant planning stages in order to enable the greatest possible benefit for the planners and to minimize the environmental impacts as far as possible. The result of the research work is a methodology that can be used in the future to reduce life cycle-related environmental impacts in the planning process of adaptive buildings (ReAdapt).Item Open Access Investigation of a large‐scale adaptive concrete beam with integrated fluidic actuators(2022) Burghardt, Timon; Kelleter, Christian; Bosch, Matthias; Nitzlader, Markus; Bachmann, Matthias; Binz, Hansgeorg; Blandini, Lucio; Sobek, WernerAs the world population keeps growing, so does the demand for new construction. Considering material resources are limited, it will be unfeasible to meet such demand employing conventional construction methods. A new resource‐saving approach is provided by adaptive structures. Using sensors, actuators and control units, structures are enabled to adapt to loads, for example, to compensate for deformations. Since deformations are dominant in the design of bending‐stressed load‐bearing structures, adaptivity enables such structures to be realized using less material and achieving the same load‐bearing capacity in comparison to conventional designs. This article presents a concrete beam of typical building dimensions that compensates deflections by means of integrated fluidic actuators. These actuators offer the possibility of reacting optimally to general loading. The investigation is carried out on an approximately 4‐m‐long beam with integrated hydraulic actuators. To ensure the overall functionality, accurate dimensioning of the beam as well as the hydraulic system is mandatory. Analytical design of the beam and actuation system are carried out for predimensioning. Experimental testing validates the function and demonstrates that the adaptive beam works as predicted. A fully compensation in deflection is possible. Therefore, a significant increase in load‐bearing capacity is possible with the same material input compared to conventional beams.Item Open Access A method for 3D printing bio-cemented spatial structures using sand and urease active calcium carbonate powder(2020) Nething, Christoph; Smirnova, Maya; Gröning, Janosch A. D.; Haase, Walter; Stolz, Andreas; Sobek, WernerThe substitution of Portland cement with microbially based bio-cement for the production of construction materials is an emerging sustainable technology. Bio-cemented building components such as bricks have been fabricated in molds, where bacteria-containing aggregates solidify when treated with a cementation solution. Thisrestricts component size due to the limitedfluid penetration depth and narrows options for component customization. The use of additive manufacturing technologies has the potential to overcome those limitations and toexpand the range of bio-cement applications. In the present work an automated process for the production ofspatial structures has been developed, in which sand and urease active calcium carbonate powder were selectively deposited within a print volumeand treatedwith a cementation solution.This method provided conditionsfor calcite precipitation in the powder-containing areas, whereas areas of pure sand served as removable supportstructure allowing improvedfluid exchange. The 3D printed structure was geometrically stable and had sharplydefined boundaries. Compressive strength tests on cylindricalspecimens showed thatthe used powder-sandmixwas suitable for the production of high-strength bio-cemented material. The present work demonstrates an application of bio-cement in an additive manufacturing process, that can potentially be used to produce resourceefficient sustainable building components.Item Open Access Monitoring of the production process of graded concrete component using terrestrial laser scanning(2021) Yang, Yihui; Balangé, Laura; Gericke, Oliver; Schmeer, Daniel; Zhang, Li; Sobek, Werner; Schwieger, VolkerItem Open Access On design and construction of concrete shells(1991) Sobek, WernerArchitects and engineers have to face the fact that formwork techniques have more influence on the shape of today's concrete structures than the characteristics of the structural material itself The art of building concrete shells has nearly completely died out. Therefore, it is important to take notice of the development of pneumatic formwork systems, wich offers an economical construction method for concrete shells. The construction of concrete shells could be revived.Item Open Access Pneu und Schale : Betonschalen und pneumatisch vorgespannte Membranen(1990) Sobek, WernerEs gibt nur wenige Tragwerkstypen, mit denen so materialsparend und effizient gebaut werden kann wie mit den Schalen. Und es gibt außer Beton keinen Werkstoff, der sich auf einer Baustelle in beliebige Formen gießen läßt, dazu noch schnell erhärtend, preiswert und beständig ist. Schalen aus Beton also als die ideale Kombination von Konstruktionsform und Konstruktionswerkstoff, als reinste Form materialgerechten Bauens?Item Open Access Schalungen aus pneumatisch vorgespannten Membranen(1990) Sobek, WernerZur Lagerung von Feststoffen und Flüssigkeiten werden zunehmend Überdachungen und Speicherbehälter mit großen Abmessungen benötigt. Aufgrund der spezifischen Anforderungsprofile dieser Anlagen kommt der Wahl geeigneter Bauwerkstypen erhebliche wirtschaftliche Bedeutung zu, wobei der jeweilige Kostenrahmen durch die Effizienz der tragenden Struktur und das gewählte Bauverfahren maßgebend beeinflußt wird. Im Stahlbetonbau, der mengenmäßig von besonderem Interesse ist, haben sich die Schalentragwerke aufgrund ihres günstigen Lastabtragungsverhaltens als besonders geeigneter Tragwerkstyp vielfach bewährt.Item Open Access Sonderkonstruktionen von Ausstellungsbauten(1981) Schlaich, Jörg; Sobek, WernerDer nachfolgende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Gebäuden, die der Präsentation und dem Handel mit Gütern und Dienstleistungen dienen.