Browsing by Author "Tourian, Mohammad Javad"

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Open Access
Application of spaceborne geodetic sensors for hydrology
(2013) Tourian, Mohammad Javad; Sneeuw, Nico (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
How much freshwater do we have on land? How is the freshwater cycle changing with time? Actually, we can not properly answer these questions as our knowledge of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the hydrological cycle is limited. The lack of knowledge is mainly induced by shortage of observational evidence, which motivates the objective of this study: the monitoring of the hydrological cycle using spaceborne geodetic sensors. Among the current space geodetic sensors, GRACE and satellite altimetry are the two active mission concepts, that can capture part of the hydrological cycle. However, monitoring the hydrological cycle using these two sensors is challenging. Satellite altimetry is investigated as an independent spaceborne sensor that provides the water level and discharge time series. An algorithm is developed to improve the quality of water level time series over inland water surfaces. This algorithm particularly deals with the challenges of resolution and uncertainty of altimetry. The obtained altimetric water level time series is validated against in situ measurements showing about 10% improvement in accuracy of the time series. Moreover, this study proposes an algorithm to reduce the random noise from pre-retracked data. The algorithm combines the results of different retrackers and provides water level time series with reduced noise level. The validation shows a significant reduction of noise level and a clear improvement in correlation with in situ measurements. Moreover, this study proposes a statistical approach based on quantile functions to infer a functional relationship between altimetric water level and in situ river discharge without the need for synchronous data sets. This method is based on a scatter diagram of quantile functions, in which the probability-coordinate is eliminated. In contrast, the conventional methods for simultaneous measurements operate directly on time series and eliminate the time-coordinate. The results show that the proposed methodology provides the same range of error as the common conventional empirical method. The good performance of the statistical approach supports the usage of altimetry to salvage pre-satellite altimetry discharge data and turn them into active use for the satellite altimetry time frame. In addition, a stochastic process model is implemented to (i) deal with the data outages in altimetric discharge, (ii) provide a scheme for data assimilation and (iii) smooth the discharge estimation. The model benefits from the cyclostationary behaviour of the discharge and is combined with the estimated discharge from altimetry and available in situ measurements to form a linear dynamic system. The dynamic system is solved using the Kalman filter, that provides an unbiased discharge with minimum variance. The error level of the results is comparable to the empirical approach. In this study, the utility of GRACE data as sensor of hydrological water storage changes is shown to be limited by the following challenges: consistency, resolution, separability and uncertainty. The challenge of inconsistency is addressed by developing two filters for hydrological and hydro-meteorological water storage changes, which lead to a better correlation with GRACE mass storage changes. The challenges of separability and resolution are not specifically investigated in this study, yet their consequences, which appear in different forms of uncertainties is investigated. To deal with the GRACE uncertainties, an algorithm is developed to detect outliers in monthly solutions. The outliers have been corrected by replacing them by an inter-annual monthly mean of the respective month. The results conclude that outlier identification and correction must be performed before further assimilation of GRACE products into hydrological or hydro-meteorological analysis. Further, a longrange correlation has been identified as another source of uncertainty in GRACE monthly solutions. EOF analysis is employed to identify the zonal behaviour of the GRACE C20 errors as the responsible source for the long-range correlation. It is considered as an error source because its residual contains tidal aliasing errors instead of white noise. Therefore, to reduce the uncertainties in GRACE monthly solutions, tidal aliasing errors are also investigated. Primary and secondary tidal aliasing errors of main tidal constituents, S1, S2, P1, K1, K2, M2, O2, O1 and Q1 are identified in GRACE monthly solutions. The effect of tidal aliasing error is estimated using a least squares Fourier analysis indicating errors up to 22mm over the globe. In general, after dealing with GRACE’s challenges and achieving a data set without outliers, long-range correlation and tidal aliasing errors, the noise level of GRACE is quantified. The quantification shows a variation between 2–20mm/month over different parts of the globe, with higher values over tropical and boreal regions. The results specifically confirm that small catchments in the tropics contain more noise contamination. It is also shown that a lower noise level of a catchment does not necessarily lead to a better correlation of GRACE with hydro-meteorological signal. Finally, the joint performance of spaceborne geodetic sensors for estimating the actual evapotranspiration ETa is assessed. There, two approaches are introduced to estimate ETa using the results of GRACE and satellite altimetry. The results of both approaches are compared with different models and their ensemble mean. All in all, given the obtained relative discrepancy, the methods seem to be a viable way for determining ETa for most non-desert catchments containing hot and warm summers.
Open Access
Controls on satellite altimetry over inland water surfaces for hydrological purposes
(2012) Tourian, Mohammad Javad
The global available and freely accessible in situ measurements of hydrological cycles is unsatisfactory, limited and has been on the decline, lately. This together with large modeling error for hydrological cycles, support the efforts to seek for alternative measuring techniques. In the recent past, satellite altimetry has been used to measure non-ocean water level variations for hydrological purposes. Due to the effect of topography and heterogeneity of reflecting surface and atmospheric propagation, the expected echo shape for altimeter returns over land differs from that over ocean surfaces. As a result, altimetry measurements over inland waters are erroneous and include missing data. In the present study, we have developed an algorithm to improve the quality of water level time series over non-ocean surfaces. This algorithm contains an outlier identification and elimination process, an algorithm for excluding the noisy waveforms, an unsupervised classification of the satellite waveforms and finally a retracking procedure. The two preliminary steps of outlier identification and noisy waveforms exclusion allow to achieve better results for further classification and retracking steps. We have employed data snooping algorithm to identify and eliminate outliers in the water level time series. Further, an algorithm based on comparing each waveform with fitted waveform from 5β algorithm is developed to identify the noisy waveforms. An unsupervised classification algorithm is implemented to classify the waveforms into consistent groups, for which the appropriate retracking algorithms are performed. The classification algorithm is based on computing the heterogeneity of data sets, which is computed through the difference between median and modal waveforms. We have employed the algorithm to improve the water level time series in Balaton (Hungary) and Urmia (Iran) lakes. After then, we validated the results of proposed algorithm against the available in situ measurements.