14 Externe wissenschaftliche Einrichtungen
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Item Open Access Correlation between the microstructure of porous materials and the adsorption properties of H2 and D2(2011) Krkljus, Ivana; Roduner, Emil (Prof. Dr.)One of the most challenging tasks toward the full implementation of the hydrogen based economy is the reversible storage of hydrogen for portable applications. Three main approaches have been investigated to store the hydrogen, storage as a compressed gas or a liquid, or through a direct chemical bond between the hydrogen atom and the material. The alternative approach, the most recently investigated, is the storage of hydrogen at cryogenic conditions. Storage by physisorption within porous adsorbents has particular advantages of complete reversibility, the fast refueling time, the low heat evolution, and above all increased safety. The nature of interaction of hydrogen, deuterium, and gas mixtures with porous adsorbents was exploited by performing thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) measurements. This sensitive experimental technique gives qualitative information about the different adsorption sites, which show different desorption temperatures depending on the interaction energy. After an appropriate calibration the amount of gas desorbed may be quantified. To gain a more fundamental insight into the available adsorption sites multiple TDS spectra were recorded, corresponding to different surface coverages (in the pressure range of 1 to 700 mbar), and different heating regimes. Different kind of porous adsorbents, conventional carbon–based materials and novel Metal Organic Framework Materials (MOFs), were used to investigate the hydrogen/deuterium physisorption mechanism. For carbon materials an increase in the hydrogen interaction potential was observed for adsorbents with narrow pore size. The confined geometry, where hydrogen simultaneously interacts with all the surrounding adsorbent walls, strengthens the interaction potential with the adsorbate molecule, thus, maximizing the total van der Waals force on the adsorbate. Crystalline MOFs are a new class of porous materials assembled from discrete metal centers, which act as framework nodes, and organic ligands, employed as linkers. The material properties can be optimized by changing these two main components. Owing to their high porosity, high storage capacity at low temperature, and excellent reversibility kinetics, MOFs have attracted a considerable attention as potential solid–state hydrogen storage materials. This novel class of porous adsorbents has been extensively investigated within this thesis. The greatest challenge for porous adsorbents is to increase the strength of the H2 binding interaction, and bring adsorption closer to RT conditions. Several strategies, aimed at improving hydrogen adsorption potential in MOFs are closely investigated. These strategies comprise the inclusion of open metal sites and the optimization of the pore size and, thus, the adsorption energy by ligand modification. The influence of the coordinatively unsaturated metal centers, liberated by the removal of metal–bound volatile species, has been particularly investigated. As for carbon materials, the H2–MOF interaction potential is especially enhanced in materials with the pore size comparable to the kinetic diameter of the hydrogen molecule. Such effects may result from the overlap of the potential field due to the proximity of the pore wall, which strengthen the interaction potential with the adsorbate molecule. However, smaller pores prevent hydrogen penetration and induce diffusion limitations. Furthermore, the molecular transport in confined pores at low temperatures may be significantly affected by quantum effects.