15 Fakultätsübergreifend / Sonstige Einrichtung
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/16
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Item Open Access Detection of wind evolution and lidar trajectory optimization for lidar-assisted wind turbine control(2015) Schlipf, David; Haizmann, Florian; Cosack, Nicolai; Siebers, Tom; Cheng, Po WenIn this work a collective pitch feedforward controller for floating wind turbines is presented. The feedforward controller provides a pitch rate update to a conventional feedback controller based on a wind speed preview. The controller is designed similar to the one for onshore turbines, which has proven its capability to improve wind turbine control performance in field tests. In a first design step, perfect wind preview and a calm sea is assumed. Under these assumptions the feedforward controller is able to compensate almost perfectly the effect of changing wind speed to the rotor speed of a full nonlinear model over the entire full load region. In a second step, a nacelle-based lidar is simulated scanning the same wind field which is used also for the aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation. With model-based wind field reconstruction methods, the rotor effective wind speed is estimated from the raw lidar data and is used in the feedforward controller after filtering out the uncorrelated frequencies. Simulation results show that even with a more realistic wind preview, the feedforward controller is able to significantly reduce rotor speed and power variations. Furthermore, structural loads on the tower, rotor shaft, and blades are decreased. A comparison to a theoretical investigation shows that the reduction in rotor speed regulation is close to the optimum.Item Open Access Comparison of Taguchi Method and Robust Design Optimization (RDO) : by application of a functional adaptive simulation model for the robust product-optimization of an adjuster unit(2015) Kemmler, Stefan; Fuchs, Alexander; Leopold, Tobias; Bertsche, BerndCurrent research and development have been trending towards approaches based on simulation and virtual testing. Industrial development processes for complex products employ optimization methods to ensure results are close to reality, simultaneously minimizing required resources. The results of virtual testing are optimized in accordance with requirements using optimization techniques. Robust Design Optimization (RDO) is one established approach to optimization. RDO is based on the identification of an optimal parameter set which includes a small variance of the target value as a constraint. Under most circumstances, this approach does not involve separate optimization of the target value and target variance. However, the basic strategy of the optimization approach developed by Taguchi is to first optimize the parameter sets for the target value and then optimize and minimize the target variance. According to an application example , the benefit of Taguchi's approach (TM) is that it facilitates the identification of an optimal parameter set of nominal values for technical feasibility and possible manufacturing. If an optimal parameter set is determined, the variance can be minimized under consideration of process parameters. This paper examines and discusses the differences between and shared characteristics of the robust optimization methods TM and RDO, and discusses their shortcomings. In order to provide a better illustration, this paper explains and applies both methods using an adjuster unit of a commercial vehicle braking system. A simulation model is developed including an appropriate work ow by applying optiSLang-modules.Item Open Access Design and evaluation of a lidar-based feedforward controller for the INNWIND.EU 10 MW wind turbine(2015) Fürst, Holger; Schlipf, David; Iribas Latour, Mikel; Cheng, Po WenFor the development of the next generation of multi megawatt wind turbines, advanced control concepts are one of the major tasks. Reduction of fatigue and extreme loading could help to improve the overall design process and make plants more cost effective. This work deals with the application of the promising methodology of feedforward control using nacelle-based lidar sensor measurements on a 10 MW wind turbine concept. After lidar data processing has been described, the feedforward controller is designed such that disturbances from the changing wind speed to the generator speed are compensated by adding an update to the collective pitch rate signal of the normal feedback controller. The evaluation of the feedforward controller is done in two steps: Firstly, simulations using perfect lidar data measurements are applied to check the robustness of the controller against model uncertainties. After that, simulations with realistic lidar measurements are investigated. To improve control performance, the scanning configuration of the used lidar system is optimized. Over all it can be shown that lidar-assisted control leads to significant load reductions, especially in the full load region of the 10 MW turbine.Item Open Access Are comprehensive quality models necessary for evaluating software quality?(2013) Lochmann, Klaus; Ramadani, Jasmin; Wagner, StefanThe concept of software quality is very complex and has many facets. Reflecting all these facets and at the same time measuring everything related to these facets results in comprehensive but large quality models and extensive measurements. In contrast, there are also many smaller, focused quality models claiming to evaluate quality with few measures. We investigate if and to what extent it is possible to build a focused quality model with similar evaluation results as a comprehensive quality model but with far less measures needed to be collected and, hence, reduced effort. We make quality evaluations with the comprehensive Quamoco base quality model and build focused quality models based on the same set of measures and data from over 2,000 open source systems. We analyse the ability of the focused model to predict the results of the Quamoco model by comparing them with a random predictor as a baseline. We calculate the standardised accuracy measure SA and effect sizes. We found that for the Quamoco model and its 378 automatically collected measures, we can build a focused model with only 10 measures but an accuracy of 61% and a medium to high effect size. We conclude that we can build focused quality models to get an impression of a system’s quality similar to comprehensive models. However, when including manually collected measures, the accuracy of the models stayed below 50%. Hence, manual measures seem to have a high impact and should therefore not be ignored in a focused model.Item Open Access Comparison of linear and nonlinear model predictive control of wind turbines using LIDAR(2014) Schlipf, David; Grau, Patrick; Raach, Steffen; Duraiski, Ricardo; Trierweiler, Jorge; Cheng, Po WenRecent developments in remote sensing are offering a promising opportunity to rethink conventional control strategies of wind turbines. With technologies such as LIDAR, the information about the incoming wind field - the main disturbance to the system - can be made available ahead of time. Feedforward control can be easily combined with traditional collective pitch feedback controllers and has been successfully tested on real systems. Nonlinear model predictive controllers adjusting both collective pitch and generator torque can further reduce structural loads in simulations but have higher computational times compared to feedforward or linear model predictive controller. This paper compares a linear and a commercial nonlinear model predictive controller to a baseline controller. On the one hand simulations show that both controller have significant improvements if used along with the preview of the rotor effective wind speed. On the other hand the nonlinear model predictive controller can achieve better results compared to the linear model close to the rated wind speed.Item Open Access An adaptive data processing technique for lidar-assisted control to bridge the gap between lidar systems and wind turbines(2015) Schlipf, David; Fleming, Paul; Raach, Steffen; Scholbrock, Andrew; Haizmann, Florian; Krishnamurthy, Raghu; Boquet, Matthieu; Cheng, Po WenThis paper presents first steps toward an adaptive lidar data processing technique crucial for lidar-assisted control in wind turbines. The prediction time and the quality of the wind preview from lidar measurements depend on several factors and are not constant. If the data processing is not continually adjusted, the benefit of lidar-assisted control cannot be fully exploited or can even result in harmful control action. An online analysis of the lidar and turbine data is necessary to continually reassess the prediction time and lidar data quality. In this work, a structured process to develop an analysis tool for the prediction time and a new hardware setup for lidar-assisted control are presented. The tool consists of an online estimation of the rotor effective wind speed from lidar and turbine data and the implementation of an online cross-correlation to determine the time shift between both signals. Further, we present initial results from an ongoing campaign in which this system was employed for providing lidar preview for feedforward pitch control.Item Open Access Improved tank test procedures for scaled floating offshore wind turbines(2014) Müller, Kolja; Sandner, Frank; Bredmose, Henrik; Azcona, José; Manjock, Andreas; Pereira, RicardoThis study collects issues from previous tank test campaigns of scaled Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWT), compares the different scaling methodologies, points out critical aspects and shows possible alternatives and recommendations for future tests depending on the specific objective. Furthermore, it gives practical recommendations for the modeling and construction of scaled rotors. The presented scaling procedure will be applied in tank tests within the EU Seventh Framework Program InnWind (ENERGY.2012.2.3.1 "Innovative wind conversion systems (10-20MW) for offshore applications").Item Open Access Vertical migration of phytoplankton in coastal waters with different UVR transparency(2011) Gerbersdorf, Sabine Ulrike; Schubert, HendrikBackground: The vertical migration of phytoplankton was investigated in natural waters using in situ fluorescence profiling, chlorophyll a concentrations and life counts at two study sites differing in coloured dissolved organic matter (cDOM) concentrations. The data from the corresponding water depths (50-cm intervals down to 10 m) and times (hourly, before dawn to sunset, several days) were related to the highly resolved (2 nm) underwater ultraviolet radiation (UVR)/photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) transparency (290 to 700 nm). Results: Chlorophyll a maxima of mainly motile dinoflagellates were observed in situ at all days and at both study sites (open marine, brackish waters), independent on prevailing weather conditions or cDOM concentrations. Phytoplankton migration was triggered solely by irradiance in the 400- to 700-nm wavelength range (PAR) at the particular water depth, irrespective of PAR/UVR ratios and surface UVR (290 to 400 nm), after an illumination period of about 40 min. Interestingly, the PAR tolerance levels of the phytoplankton, which have been lower in cDOM-rich waters, matched their light acclimation values determined by parallel PAM measurements. Conclusions: The response of the phytoplankton to PAR is not a sufficient protection strategy versus increasing UVR levels, which might have wide ecological implications beyond the level of primary producers to impact important ecosystem functions such as the delicate trophic interactions.Item Open Access Field testing of feedforward collective pitch control on the CART2 using a nacelle-based lidar scanner(2012) Schlipf, David; Fleming, Paul; Haizmann, Florian; Scholbrock, Andrew; Hofsäß, Martin; Wright, Alan; Cheng, Po WenThis work presents the first results from a field test to proof the concept of LIDAR assisted collective pitch control using a scanning LIDAR device installed on the nacelle of a research turbine. The purpose of the campaign was to show that a reduction of rotor speed variation is feasible with a feedforward update without changing the feedback controller. Although only a small amount of data could be collected, positive effects can be observed not only on the rotor speed but also on tower, blade and shaft loads in the case that the correlation of the wind preview and the turbine reaction is taken into account.Item Open Access Die Rolle des p53-Status für die Sensitivität von Tumoren gegenüber unterschiedlichen p53 Aktivatoren(2014) Weilbacher, Andrea; Peter Scheurich (Prof. Dr.)Die tumorsuppressiven Eigenschaften von p53 gelten als zentral bei der Aufrechterhaltung der genomischen Stabilität. Auf Grund dessen spielt p53 eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Reaktion auf genomischen Stress welcher unter anderem durch klassische Chemotherapeutika, wie beispielsweise Cisplatin, induziert wird. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Rolle des p53-Status für die Sensitivität gegenüber p53-aktivierenden Substanzen untersucht. Hierfür wurde eine Auswahl von Zelllinien aus verschiedenen Entitäten und mit unterschiedlichen p53-Genotypen sowie Tumor-assoziierte Fibroblasten aus der humanen Lunge und PBMNCs von gesunden Donoren verwendet. Als p53-Aktivatoren wurden neben dem klassischen DNA-modifizierenden Molekül Cisplatin die direkten Aktivatoren von p53, Nutlin-3 und RITA eingesetzt. Die Behandlung mit Nutlin-3 führte selektiv in wtp53-exprimierenden Zellen zu einem G1-Arrest. Dieser trat auch in primären, nichtmalignen Zellen auf. Nutlin-3 agiert somit selektiv in wtp53-exprimierenden Zellen, nicht aber tumorselektiv. Die wtp53-selektive Wirkungsweise konnte weder nach Cisplatin- noch nach RITA-Behandlung nachgewiesen werden. Beide Substanzen induzierten Zelltod auch in mtp53-Systemen oder im Falle von RITA auch in der p53-null-Zelllinie OVCAR5. Der durch Cisplatin und RITA induzierte Zelltod in der wtp53-exprimierenden Zelllinie NTERA-2D1 konnte auf die Aktivierung von wtp53 zurückgeführt werden. Hingegen war der in den mtp53-exprimierenden Zelllinien OVCAR3 und OVCAR4 induzierte Zelltod im Falle einer Behandlung mit Cisplatin oder RITA unabhängig von mtp53. Zudem führte die siRNA-vermittelte Depletion von p63 und p73 zu keiner Verminderung des Zelltods. Cisplatin und RITA können somit unabhängig von der p53-Superfamilie Zelltod in p53-defekten Systemen induzieren. Dieser war für beide Substanzen auf die Aktivierung der mitochondrialen Effektoren BAX und BAK zurückzuführen. Die Induktion von Zelltod nach Cisplatin-Behandlung konnte weiterhin auf die Aktivierung der pro-apoptotischen Bcl-2-Proteine NOXA und PUMA zurückgeführt werden. Die Analyse der konstitutiven Expression der Bcl-2-Proteine in der gesamten Zelllinienauswahl zeigte eine signifikante Korrelation des Verhältnisses aus pro- und anti-apoptotischen Bcl-2-Proteinen gegenüber der Cisplatin-Sensitivität. NOXA und Bcl-w wurden in diesem Ansatz als prädiktive Marker der Cisplatin-Sensitivität innerhalb der Zellauswahl identifiziert. Die Kombinationsbehandlung von Cisplatin mit dem BH3-mimetic ABT-737 führte zu einer Sensitivierung von Cisplatin-insensitiven Zellen. Im Falle der Behandlung mit RITA konnte keine Korrelation zwischen dem Verhältnis aus pro- und anti-apoptotischen Bcl-2-Proteinen und dem durch RITA induzierten Zelltod festgestellt werden. Jedoch erwies sich die Herunterregulation von anti-apoptotischen Bcl-2-Proteinen nach RITA-Behandlung als wichtig für die Induktion von Apoptose. Infolgedessen führte die Kombinationsbehandlung von RITA mit ABT-737 zu einer Verstärkung des RITA-induzierten Zelltods in RITA-sensitiven Zellen. RITA-insensitive Zellen blieben dabei unbeeinflusst. Weiterhin konnte der durch RITA vermittelte Zelltod in p53-defekten Systemen auf die Aktivierung des JNK- und p38-Signaltransduktionsweges zurückgeführt werden. Insbesondere JNK1 erwies sich als entscheidend für die Induktion von Apoptose nach RITA-Behandlung. Im Vergleich der drei Substanzen zeigte sich überraschenderweise eine größere Ähnlichkeit von RITA zu Cisplatin als zu Nutlin-3. Cisplatin, als klassischer über DNA-Schädigung wirkender p53-Aktivator, führte zur Induktion von Zelltod in Zelllinien welche nahezu alle auch sensitiv gegenüber der Behandlung mit RITA waren. Potentiell könnte somit auch RITA über DNA-Schädigungen Zelltod induzieren. Intrazellulär führen jedoch beide Substanzen zu unterschiedlichen Effekten. Während Cisplatin zu einer Hochregulation von pro-apoptotischen BH3-only-Proteinen führt, induziert die Behandlung mit RITA eine Reduktion anti-apoptotischer Bcl-2-Proteine. Im Falle von Cisplatin konnte die Proteinkonzentration von NOXA und Bcl-w als Marker für die Sensitivität innerhalb der Zellauswahl identifiziert werden. RITA hingegen induzierte Zelltod nur in einer bestimmten Gruppe von Zellen, weshalb der Transport von RITA ein potentieller Marker für die RITA-Sensitivität darstellen könnte. Zusammenfassend konnte in der verwendeten Zellauswahl sowohl nach Nutlin-3-, als auch nach Cisplatin- oder RITA-Behandlung ein Einfluss von wtp53 für die Sensitivität nachgewiesen werden. Allerdings konnten durch Cisplatin und RITA auch Effekte unabhängig von p53 vermittelt werden. Interessanterweise führte die Behandlung mit RITA zu einer von der p53-Superfamilie und von der Aktivierung des JNK-Signaltransduktionsweges unabhängigen Regulation von p53-Zielgenen. Dementsprechend können im p53-defekten System p53-Zielgene sowie typische p53-Funktionen durch die Aktivierung p53-unabhängiger Signalwege vermittelt werden.