06 Fakultät Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik und Geodäsie
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/7
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Item Open Access Theoretische Untersuchungen der stationären Rotorblattumströmung mit Hilfe eines Euler-Verfahrens(1991) Krämer, EwaldDie vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung eines numerischen Verfahrens zur Berechnung der aerodynamischen Umströmung eines Hubschrauberrotorblattes auf der Basis der Eulerschen Bewegungsgleichungen. Besonderes Merkmal des Verfahrens ist die Tatsache, daß der von dem betrachteten Blatt generierte Nachlauf, der einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Strömungsverhältnisse vor dem nachfolgenden Blatt hat (Blatt-Nachlauf-lnterferenz), nicht durch ein Wirbelmodell vorgegeben, sondern als Teil der Lösung berechnet wird ("Wake-Capturing"). Bei dem verwendeten impliziten Lösungsalgorithmus handelt es sich um eine Finite-Volumen-Methode unter Verwendung eines Upwind-Schemas höherer Ordnung. Der Lösungsweg basiert auf der Charakteristikenmethode für hyperbolische Gleichungssysteme. Im Ergebnisteil der Arbeit werden die Resultate einer Reihe von Berechnungen für einen zweiblättrigen Modellrotor dargestellt und mit experimentellen Meßdaten sowie mit Ergebnissen anderer theoretischer Methoden verglichen. Daneben liegt ein Schwerpunkt der Arbeit auf der Darstellung des berechneten Nachlaufes in verschiedenen Referenzebenen zwischen den Rotorblättern sowie auf der Wiedergabe seiner zeitlichen Entwicklung (Anfahrvorgang).Item Open Access Simulation of transonic buffet with an automated zonal DES approach(2020) Ehrle, Maximilian; Waldmann, Andreas; Lutz, Thorsten; Krämer, EwaldA study of transonic buffet on the NASA Common Research Model at flight Reynolds numbers is presented. The ability of two different hybrid RANS/LES models as well as the URANS approach for resolving three-dimensional buffet motion was evaluated by means of spectral analysis. Automated Zonal DES and URANS simulations show similar results in terms of buffet frequency and spanwise propagation of buffet cells, whereas the Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation results indicate a strong interaction between flow separation and shock motion. The extracted characteristic frequencies which are associated with transonic buffet are located in a range of Sr = 0.2-0.65 for URANS and AZDES and are therefore in accordance with findings from related recent research. Furthermore, the simulation time series were investigated and a structure of spanwise moving buffet cells with varying convection speed and wavelength could be observed.Item Open Access Reynolds number and wind tunnel wall effects on the flow field around a generic UHBR engine high-lift configuration(2020) Ullah, Junaid; Prachař, Aleš; Šmíd, Miroslav; Seifert, Avraham; Soudakov, Vitaly; Lutz, Thorsten; Krämer, EwaldRANS simulations of a generic ultra-high bypass ratio engine high-lift configuration were conducted in three different environments. The purpose of this study is to assess small scale tests in an atmospheric closed test section wind tunnel regarding transferability to large scale tests in an open-jet wind tunnel. Special emphasis was placed on the flow field in the separation prone region downstream from the extended slat cut-out. Validation with wind tunnel test data shows an adequate agreement with CFD results. The cross-comparison of the three sets of simulations allowed to identify the effects of the Reynolds number and the wind tunnel walls on the flow field separately. The simulations reveal significant blockage effects and corner flow separation induced by the test section walls. By comparison, the Reynolds number effects are negligible. A decrease of the incidence angle for the small scale model allows to successfully reproduce the flow field of the large scale model despite severe wind tunnel wall effects.Item Open Access Aeroelastic analysis of wind turbines under turbulent inflow conditions(2021) Guma, Giorgia; Bangga, Galih; Lutz, Thorsten; Krämer, EwaldThe aeroelastic response of a 2 MW NM80 turbine with a rotor diameter of 80 m and interaction phenomena are investigated by the use of a high-fidelity model. A time-accurate unsteady fluid–structure interaction (FSI) coupling is used between a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code for the aerodynamic response and a multi-body simulation (MBS) code for the structural response. Different CFD models of the same turbine with increasing complexity and technical details are coupled to the same MBS model in order to identify the impact of the different modeling approaches. The influence of the blade and tower flexibility and of the inflow turbulence is analyzed starting from a specific case of the DANAERO experiment, where a comparison with experimental data is given. A wider range of uniform inflow velocities are investigated by the use of a blade element momentum (BEM) aerodynamic model. Lastly a fatigue analysis is performed from load signals in order to identify the most damaging load cycles and the fatigue ratio between the different models, showing that a highly turbulent inflow has a larger impact than flexibility, when low inflow velocities are considered. The results without the injection of turbulence are also discussed and compared to the ones provided by the BEM code AeroDyn.Item Open Access The near-wake development of a wind turbine operating in stalled conditions : part 1: assessment of numerical models(2024) Weihing, Pascal; Cormier, Marion; Lutz, Thorsten; Krämer, EwaldThis study comprehensively investigates the near-wake development of a model wind turbine operating at a low tip-speed ratio in stalled conditions. In the present paper, part 1, different ways of representing the turbine, which include a full geometrical representation and modeling by means of the actuator line method, and different approaches for the modeling of turbulence are assessed. The simulation results are compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements from the MEXICO and New MEXICO experiments. A highly resolved numerical setup was created and a higher-order numerical scheme was applied to target an optimal resolution of the tip vortex development and the wakes of the blades. Besides the classical unsteady Reynolds-averaged methodology, a recently developed variant of the detached-eddy simulation (DES) was employed, which features robust shielding capabilities of the boundary layers and enhanced transition to a fully developed large-eddy simulation (LES) state. Two actuator line simulations were performed in which the aerodynamic forces were either evaluated by means of tabulated data or imposed from the averaged blade loads of the simulation with full blade geometry. The purpose is to distinguish between the effects of the force projection and the force calculation in the underlying blade-element method on the blade wake development. With the hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-LES approach and the geometrically fully resolved rotor blade, the details of the flow of the detached blade wake could be resolved. The prediction of the wake deficit also agreed very well with the experimental data. Furthermore, the strength and size of the blade tip vortices were correctly predicted. With the linear unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) model, the wake deficit could also be described correctly, yet the size of the tip vortices was massively overestimated. The actuator line method, when fed with forces from the fully resolved simulation, provides very similar results in terms of wake deficit and tip vortices to its fully resolved parent simulation. However, using uncorrected two-dimensional polars shows significant deviations in the wake topology of the inner blade region. This shows that the application in such flow conditions requires models for rotational augmentation. In part 2 of the study, to be published in another paper, the development and the dynamics of the early tip vortex formation are detailed.Item Open Access Assessment of low‐frequency aeroacoustic emissions of a wind turbine under rapidly changing wind conditions based on an aero‐servo‐elastic CFD simulation(2023) Wenz, Florian; Maas, Oliver; Arnold, Matthias; Lutz, Thorsten; Krämer, EwaldA meteorologically challenging situation that represents a demanding control task (rotational speed, pitch and yaw) for a wind turbine is presented and its implementation in a simulation is described. A high-fidelity numerical process chain, consisting of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver FLOWer, the multi-body system (MBS) software SIMPACK and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings code ACCO, is used. With it, the aerodynamic, servoelastic and aeroacoustic (<20 Hz) behaviour of a generic wind turbine during a meteorological event with strong and rapid changes in wind speed and direction is investigated. A precursor simulation with the meteorological model system PALM is deployed to generate realistic inflow data. The simulated strong controller response of the wind turbine and the resulting aeroelastic behaviour are analysed. Finally, the low-frequency sound emissions are evaluated and the influence of the different operating and flow parameters during the variable inflow is assessed. It is observed that the wind speed and, linked to it, the rotational speed as well as the turbulence intensity are the main influencing factors for the emitted low-frequency sound power of the wind turbine. Yawed inflow, on the other hand, has little effect unless it changes the operational mode to load reduction, resulting in a swap of the main emitter from the blades to the tower.Item Open Access Numerical analyses and optimizations on the flow in the nacelle region of a wind turbine(2018) Weihing, Pascal; Wegmann, Tim; Lutz, Thorsten; Krämer, Ewald; Kühn, Timo; Altmikus, AndreeThe present study investigates flow dynamics in the hub region of a wind turbine focusing on the influence of nacelle geometry on the root aerodynamics by means of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations with the code FLOWer. The turbine considered is a generic version of the Enercon E44 converter incorporating blades with flat-back-profiled root sections. First, a comparison is drawn between an isolated rotor assumption and a setup including the baseline nacelle geometry in order to elaborate the basic flow features of the blade root. It was found that the nacelle reduces the trailed circulation of the root vortices and improves aerodynamic efficiency for the inner portion of the rotor; on the other hand, it induces a complex vortex system at the juncture to the blade that causes flow separation. The origin of these effects is analyzed in detail. In a second step, the effects of basic geometric parameters describing the nacelle have been analyzed with the purpose of increasing the aerodynamic efficiency in the root region. Therefore, three modification categories have been addressed: the first alters the nacelle diameter, the second varies the blade position relative to the nacelle and the third comprises modifications in the vicinity of the blade-nacelle junction. The impact of the geometrical modifications on the local flow physics are discussed and assessed with respect to aerodynamic performance in the blade root region. It was found that increasing the nacelle diameter deteriorates the root aerodynamics, since the flow separation becomes more pronounced. Possible solutions identified to reduce the flow separation are a shift of the blade in the direction of the rotation or the installation of a fairing fillet in the junction between the blade and the nacelle.Item Open Access About the suitability of different numerical methods to reproduce model wind turbine measurements in a wind tunnel with a high blockage ratio(2018) Klein, Annette Claudia; Bartholomay, Sirko; Marten, David; Lutz, Thorsten; Pechlivanoglou, George; Nayeri, Christian Navid; Paschereit, Christian Oliver; Krämer, EwaldThe paper describes the experimental and numerical investigation of a model wind turbine with a diameter of 3.0 m in a narrow wind tunnel. The objectives of the study are the provision of validation data, the comparison and evaluation of methods of different fidelity and the assessment of the influence of the wind tunnel walls. It turned out, that the accordance between the experimental and numerical results is good, but the wind tunnel walls have to be taken into account for the present setup.Item Open Access An innovative algorithm to accurately solve the Euler equations for rotary wing flow(1992) Wagner, Siegfried; Krämer, EwaldDue to the ability of Euler methods to treat rotational, nonisentropic flows and also to correctly transport on the rotation embedded in the flow field it is possible to correctly represent the inflow conditions on the blade in the stationary hovering flight of a helicopter, which are significantly influenced by the tip vortices (blade-vortex interaction) of all blades. It is shown that also the very complex starting procedure of a helicopter rotor can be very well described by a simple Euler method that is to say without a wake model. The algorithm based on the procedure is part of category upwind schemes, in which the difference formation orientates to the actual, local flow state that is to say to the typical distrubance expansion direction. Hence, the artificial dissipation required for the numerical stability is included in a natural way adapted to the real flow state over the break-up error of the difference equation and has not to be included from outside. This makes the procedure robust. An implicit solution algorithm is used, where the invertation of the coefficient matrix is carried out by means of a Point-Gauss-Seidel relaxation.Item Open Access Aerodynamic interactions between distributed propellers and the wing of an electric commuter aircraft at cruise conditions(2024) Schollenberger, Michael; Kirsch, Bastian; Lutz, Thorsten; Krämer, Ewald; Friedrichs, JensBeneficial interactions that occur between propellers and the wing can be used to increase the overall efficiency of an aircraft in cruise flight. Different concepts with such interacting propellers are distributed propulsion (DP) and wingtip mounted propellers (WTP). For DP, a full distribution over the entire span can be distinguished from a partial distribution, concentrating the propellers at the wing tip area. The paper focuses on the energy efficiency in cruise flight as a result of the interactions and provides a general comparison of the concepts (WTP, full and partial DP) with a Beechcraft 1900D commuter aircraft as a reference. Parametric CFD studies varying the number and the position of the propellers are performed with a half-wing model. The simulations are performed with the second-order finite-volume flow solver TAU, developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), employing Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The propellers are modeled using an Actuator Disk (ACD). An algorithm is used to reach cruise condition by iteratively adjusting the propeller rotational speed and the wing angle of attack. The CFD results are analyzed and evaluated with respect to the overall efficiency including the aerodynamic efficiency of the wing as well as the propulsive efficiency of the propellers. The parameter study shows that in cruise flight partial DP is more efficient than a full DP. The pure WTP configuration was found as the optimum of the propeller distribution along the wing, resulting in a saving of required power of 5.6%, relative to the reference configuration.