06 Fakultät Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik und Geodäsie
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/7
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Item Open Access Towards improved targetless registration and deformation analysis of TLS point clouds using patch-based segmentation(2023) Yang, Yihui; Schwieger, Volker (Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h.c.)The geometric changes in the real world can be captured by measuring and comparing the 3D coordinates of object surfaces. Traditional point-wise measurements with low spatial resolution may fail to detect inhomogeneous, anisotropic and unexpected deformations, and thus cannot reveal complex deformation processes. 3D point clouds generated from laser scanning or photogrammetric techniques have opened up opportunities for an area-wise acquisition of spatial information. In particular, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) exhibits rapid development and wide application in areal geodetic monitoring owing to the high resolution and high quality of acquired point cloud data. However, several issues in the process chain of TLS-based deformation monitoring are still not solved satisfactorily. This thesis mainly focuses on the targetless registration and deformation analysis of TLS point clouds, aiming to develop novel data-driven methods to tackle the current challenges. For most deformation processes of natural scenes, in some local areas no shape deformations occur (i.e., these areas are rigid), and even the deformation directions show a certain level of consistency when these areas are small enough. Further point cloud processing, like stability and deformation analyses, could benefit from the assumptions of local rigidity and consistency of deformed point clouds. In this thesis, thereby, three typical types of locally rigid patches - small planar patches, geometric primitives, and quasi-rigid areas - can be generated from 3D point clouds by specific segmentation techniques. These patches, on the one hand, can preserve the boundaries between rigid and non-rigid areas and thus enable spatial separation with respect to surface stability. On the other hand, local geometric information and empirical stochastic models could be readily determined by the points in each patch. Based on these segmented rigid patches, targetless registration and deformation analysis of deformed TLS point clouds can be improved regarding accuracy and spatial resolution. Specifically, small planar patches like supervoxels are utilized to distinguish the stable and unstable areas in an iterative registration process, thus ensuring only relatively stable points are involved in estimating transformation parameters. The experimental results show that the proposed targetless registration method has significantly improved the registration accuracy. These small planar patches are also exploited to develop a novel variant of the multiscale model-to-model cloud comparison (M3C2) algorithm, which constructs prisms extending from planar patches instead of the cylinders in standard M3C2. This new method separates actual surface variations and measurement uncertainties, thus yielding lower-uncertainty and higher-resolution deformations. A coarse-to-fine segmentation framework is used to extract multiple geometric primitives from point clouds, and rigorous parameter estimations are performed individually to derive high-precision parametric deformations. Besides, a generalized local registration-based pipeline is proposed to derive dense displacement vectors based on segmented quasi-rigid areas that are corresponded by areal geometric feature descriptors. All proposed methods are successfully verified and evaluated by simulated and/or real point cloud data. The choice of proposed deformation analysis methods for specific scenarios or applications is also provided in this thesis.Item Open Access Untersuchungen zum geometrischen Verhalten von Holz mittels optischer Sensoren(2024) Schmitt, Annette; Schwieger, Volker (Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h.c.)In Deutschland geht rund ein Drittel des jährlichen CO2-Ausstoßes auf dem Bausektor zurück. Davon ist zwar nur ein Viertel dem Bau von Hochbauten zu zuschreiben. Gerade deshalb müssen im Hochbau Innovationen und alternative Materialien und Bauweisen entwickelt werden, damit Deutschland seine Klimaziele erreicht. Neben dem hohen CO2-Ausstoß hat die Betonbauweise den Nachteil, dass die Rohstoffe von Beton wie zum Beispiel Kies, Sand oder Kalkstein, endliche Ressourcen sind. Eine Alternative zur Betonbauweise ist der jahrtausendealte Holzbau, der in letzten Jahren eine Renaissance erlebt hat. Durch einen nachhaltigen Holzanbau und eine nachhaltige, ressourcenschonende Bauweise kann Holzbau zu einer echten Alternative werden. Jedoch ist Holz ein anisotroper, inhomogener und poröser Werkstoff, dessen Eigenschaften stark richtungsabhängig und abhängig von Umwelteinflüssen sind. Dies macht die Bemessung von Holzbauwerken kompliziert und unattraktiv. Speziell bei Flächentragwerken wie Schalen, die in der Regel sehr filigran sind, haben Umwelteinflüsse wie Feuchte und Temperatur einen Einfluss auf die Standfestigkeit. Daher ist eine regelmäßige Überwachung der Struktur notwendig. Im Bauingenieurwesen werden für solche Aufgaben häufig Dehnmessstreifen eingesetzt. Diese liefern lediglich sehr lokal geltende Messwerte, von denen nur mittels mechanischer Modelle auf das gesamte Objekt geschlossen werden kann. Daher bietet es sich an, für Flächentragwerke optische Sensoren wie zum Beispiel Laserscanner einzusetzen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Holzobjekte, wie zum Beispiel Platten, Vierkanthölzer und Schalen, unter verschiedenen Umwelteinflüssen, wie Feuchte und Temperatur, untersucht. Ziel ist es dabei, die auftretenden Formänderungen durch Umwelteinflüsse mittels Laserscanner und Lasertracker zu detektieren. Unter anderem werden mehrere Holzplatten in Klimakammern unter definierten Bedingungen untersucht. So wird in einem ersten Versuch der Einfluss von Temperaturänderungen auf eine Holzplatte untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass dieser zwar sehr gering ist, aber mittels Lasertracker zumindest in radialer Faserrichtung signifikant aufdeckbar ist. In einem weiteren Versuch werden Holzplatten zunächst in einer Klimakammer mit Feuchteregelung bei 95 % Luftfeuchte gelagert und anschließend bei 12 % Luftfeuchte getrocknet. Zwischenzeitlich werden die Platten mittels Lasertracker und Laserscanner vermessen. Hier lassen sich die Verformungen mit dem Lasertracker in allen drei Faserrichtungen signifikant detektieren. Die Messungen mit dem Laserscanner ermöglichen aufgrund des aus der Aufnahmekonfiguration folgenden Registrierungsfehlers keine Aufdeckung der Verformungen, da der Schwellwert für signifikante Verformungen zu hoch ist. In einem weiteren Laborversuch werden die Verformungen durch die Umwelteinflüsse auf belastete Vierkanthölzer untersucht. Auch hierfür kann gezeigt werden, dass der Lasertracker genutzt werden kann. Verifiziert wurden die Ergebnisse hierbei durch eine Finite-Elemente-Simulation, der Materialparameter aus der Literatur zugrunde liegen. Neben den Laborversuchen werden auch Untersuchungen an einem adaptiven Schalentragwerk aus Holz mit dem Laserscanner durchgeführt. Für die Auswertung der Laserscannerdaten wird eine Methode zur Detektion von signifikanten Formänderungen auf Basis von synthetischen Punktfehlern und der Deformationsanalyse implementiert. Alle Ergebnisse der Messungen sind plausibel und mit Literaturangaben vergleichbar, dennoch ist Holz als natürlich wachsender Rohstoff sehr anspruchsvoll und individuell.Item Open Access Monitoring of the production process of graded concrete component using terrestrial laser scanning(2021) Yang, Yihui; Balangé, Laura; Gericke, Oliver; Schmeer, Daniel; Zhang, Li; Sobek, Werner; Schwieger, VolkerItem Open Access Entwicklung eines tachymeter-basierten Zielsystems(2023) Hassan, Aiham; Schwieger, Volker (Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h.c.)Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein Prototyp für ein flexibel einsetzbares Tachymeterzielsystem (TZS) zur Vermessung verdeckter Objektpunkte entwickelt und empirisch anhand von Testmessungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen zeigen, dass das Potenzial des TZS vielversprechend ist. Des Weiteren wird die Methode der lokalen Sensitivitätsanalyse zur Identifikation der wichtigen Eingangsgrößen für das deterministische Modell des TZS eingesetzt. Anhand der Ergebnisse dieser Analyse wird eine Optimierung dieses Modells durchgeführt.Item Open Access Application of Copernicus data for climate-relevant urban planning using the example of water, heat, and vegetation(2021) Bühler, Michael Max; Sebald, Christoph; Rechid, Diana; Baier, Eberhard; Michalski, Alexander; Rothstein, Benno; Nübel, Konrad; Metzner, Martin; Schwieger, Volker; Harrs, Jan-Albrecht; Jacob, Daniela; Köhler, Lothar; In het Panhuis, Gunnar; Rodríguez Tejeda, Raymundo C.; Herrmann, Michael; Buziek, GerdSpecific climate adaptation and resilience measures can be efficiently designed and implemented at regional and local levels. Climate and environmental databases are critical for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and for efficiently planning and implementing appropriate adaptation measures. Available federated and distributed databases can serve as necessary starting points for municipalities to identify needs, prioritize resources, and allocate investments, taking into account often tight budget constraints. High-quality geospatial, climate, and environmental data are now broadly available and remote sensing data, e.g., Copernicus services, will be critical. There are forward-looking approaches to use these datasets to derive forecasts for optimizing urban planning processes for local governments. On the municipal level, however, the existing data have only been used to a limited extent. There are no adequate tools for urban planning with which remote sensing data can be merged and meaningfully combined with local data and further processed and applied in municipal planning and decision-making. Therefore, our project CoKLIMAx aims at the development of new digital products, advanced urban services, and procedures, such as the development of practical technical tools that capture different remote sensing and in-situ data sets for validation and further processing. CoKLIMAx will be used to develop a scalable toolbox for urban planning to increase climate resilience. Focus areas of the project will be water (e.g., soil sealing, stormwater drainage, retention, and flood protection), urban (micro)climate (e.g., heat islands and air flows), and vegetation (e.g., greening strategy, vegetation monitoring/vitality). To this end, new digital process structures will be embedded in local government to enable better policy decisions for the future.Item Open Access Method of development of a new regional ionosphere model (RIM) to improve static single-frequency precise point positioning (SF-PPP) for Egypt using Bernese GNSS software(2023) Abdallah, Ashraf; Agag, Tarek; Schwieger, VolkerDue to the lack of coverage of IGS in Africa, especially over North Africa, and the construction revolution of infrastructure in Egypt, a geodetic CORS stations network was established in 2012. These CORS stations are operated by the Egyptian Surveying Authority (Egy. SA) and cover the whole of Egypt. The paper presents a fully developed regional ionosphere model (RIM) depending on the Egyptian CORS stations. The new model and the PPP solution were obtained using Bernese GNSS V. 5.2 software. An observation data series of eight days (DOY 201-208)/2019 was used in this study. Eighteen stations were used to develop the RIM model for each day; fifteen stations were used to validate the new RIM model. A static SF-PPP solution was obtained using the CODE-GIM and RIM models. Comparing the outcomes to the reference network solution, based on the recently developed RIM model, the solution showed a mean error of 0.06 m in the East direction, 0.13 m in the North direction, and 0.21 m in the height direction. In the East, North, and height directions, this solution improves the SF-PPP result achieved by the Global Ionosphere Maps (CODE-GIM) model by 60%, 68%, and 77%, respectively.Item Open Access Driving environment inference from POI of navigation map : fuzzy logic and machine learning approaches(2023) Li, Yu; Metzner, Martin; Schwieger, VolkerTo adapt vehicle control and plan strategies in a predictive manner, it is usually desired to know the context of a driving environment. This paper aims at efficiently inferring the following five driving environments around vehicle’s vicinity: shopping zone, tourist zone, public station, motor service area, and security zone, whose existences are not necessarily mutually exclusive. To achieve that, we utilize the Point of Interest (POI) data from a navigation map as the semantic clue, and solve the inference task as a multilabel classification problem. Specifically, we first extract all relevant POI objects from a map, then transform these discrete POI objects into numerical POI features. Based on these POI features, we finally predict the occurrence of each driving environment via an inference engine. To calculate representative POI features, a statistical approach is introduced. To composite an inference engine, three inference systems are investigated: fuzzy inference system (FIS), support vector machine (SVM), and multilayer perceptron (MLP). In total, we implement 11 variants of inference engine following two inference strategies: independent and unified inference strategies, and conduct comprehensive evaluation on a manually collected dataset. The result shows that the proposed inference framework generalizes well on different inference systems, where the best overall F1 score 0.8699 is achieved by the MLP-based inference engine following the unified inference strategy, along with the fastest inference time of 0.0002 millisecond per sample. Hence, the generalization ability and efficiency of the proposed inference framework are proved.Item Open Access An elementary error model for terrestrial laser scanning(2023) Kerekes, Gabriel; Schwieger, Volker (Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h.c.)Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is a recent method in engineering geodesy area-wise deformation analysis. After a TLS scan, the result for each epoch is a point cloud that describes the object’s geometry. For each point cloud, the stochastic properties are important for a reliable decision concerning the current object geometry. Generally, the stochastic properties are described by a stochastic model. Currently, stochastic models for TLS observations are highly disputed and incomplete. A realistic stochastic model is necessary for typical applications like structural deformation analysis for buildings and civil engineering constructions. This work presents a method to define a stochastic model in form of a synthetic variance-covariance matrix (SVCM) for TLS observations. It relies on the elementary error theory defined by Bessel and Hagen at the beginning of the 19th century and adapted for geodetic observations by Pelzer and Schwieger at the end of the 20th century. According to this theory, different types of errors that affect TLS measurements are classified into three groups: non-correlating, functional correlating, and stochastic correlating errors. For each group, different types of errors are studied based on the error sources that affect TLS observations. These types are classified as instrument-specific errors, environment-related errors, and object surface-related errors. Regarding instrument errors, calibration models for high-end laser scanners are studied. For the propagation medium of TLS observations, the effects of air temperature, air pressure and vertical temperature gradient on TLS distances and vertical angles are studied. An approach based on time series theory is used for extracting the spatial correlations between observation lines. For the object’s surface properties, the effect of surface roughness and reflectivity on the distance measurement is considered. Both parameters affect the variances and covariances in the stochastic model. For each of the error types, examples based on own research or literature are given. After establishing the model, four different study cases are used to exemplify the utility of a fully populated SVCM. The scenarios include real objects measured under laboratory and field conditions and simulated objects. The first example outlines the results from the SVCM based on a simulated wall with an analysis of the variance and covariance contribution. In the second study case, the role of the SVCM in a sphere adjustment is highlighted. A third study case presents a deformation analysis of a wooden tower. Finally, the fourth example shows how to derive an optimal TLS station point based on the SVCM trace. All in all, this thesis brings a contribution by defining a new stochastic model based on the elementary error theory in the form a SVCM for TLS measurements. It may be used for purposes such as analysis of error magnitude on scanned objects, adjustment of surfaces, or finding an optimal TLS station point position with regard to predefined criteria.Item Open Access A contribution to multipath modeling and simulation for kinematic trajectories(2021) Avram, Alexandra; Volker, Schwieger (Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil.)Over the last years, GNSS technology has been under continuous development and its applications as well. This progress is driven by the emergence of increasingly complex applications. One such trending application for GNSS technology is automated transportation, which expands the boundaries in terms of navigation safety. Since multipath is one of the most challenging errors which affect the position and integrity of a navigation system, research is required in this direction. The multipath topic is complex, since it is dependent on the satellite position in conjunction with the surroundings of the receiving antenna. Therefore, the multipath effects are different for a static user compared to a kinematic one. Environment properties may lead to one or many reflections, diffraction, or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations. The characterization of the errors due to multipath in the GNSS observations have been extensively studied since 1972. Nevertheless, most of the focus in this field of study has been towards static applications. This dissertation extends the current multipath research by simulation, characterization, and modeling of multipath errors for kinematic vehicles.Item Open Access Lane-level map-aiding approach based on non-lane-level digital map data in road transport security(2021) Luz, Philipp; Zhang, Li; Wang, Jinyue; Schwieger, VolkerTo prevent terror attacks in which trucks are used as weapons as happened in Nice or Berlin in 2016, the European Project Autonomous Emergency Maneuvering and Movement Monitoring for Road Transport Security (TransSec) was launched in 2018. One crucial point of this project is the development of a map-aiding approach for the localization of vehicles on digital maps, so that the information in digital map data can be used to detect prohibited driving maneuvers, such as offroad or wrong-way drivers. For example, a lane-level map-aiding approach is required for wrongway driver detection. Navigation Data Standard (NDS) is one of the worldwide map standards developed by several automobile manufacturers. So far, there is no lane-level NDS map covers a large area, therefore, it was decided to use the latest available NDS map without lane level accuracy. In this paper, a lane-level map-aiding approach based on a non-lane-level NDS map is presented. Due to the inaccuracy of vehicle position and digital map the map-aiding does not always provide the correct results, so probabilities of off-road and wrong-way diver detection are estimated to support risk estimation. The performance of the developed map-aiding approach is comprehensively evaluated with both real and simulated trajectories.