06 Fakultät Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik und Geodäsie

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/7

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Institute: search.filters.UBSInstitut.Institut für RaumfahrtsystemePublication Type: search.filters.UBSTyp.Zeitschriftenartikel

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    Smart ground support equipment : the design and demonstration of robotic ground support equipment for small spacecraft integration and verification
    (2024) Kottmeier, Sebastian; Wittje, Philipp; Klinkner, Sabine; Essmann, Olaf; Suhr, Birgit; Kirchler, Jan-Luca; Ho, Tra-Mi
    In order to reduce the costs of integration and verification processes and to optimize the assembly, integration and verification (AIV) flow in the prototype development of small- and medium-sized spacecrafts, an industrial six-axis robot was used as a universal mechanical ground support equipment instead of a tailored prototype specific ground support equipment (GSE). In particular, a robotic platform offers the possibility of embedding verification steps such as mass property determination into the integration process while offering a wider range of ergonomic adaption due to the enhanced number of degrees of freedom compared to a classical static Mechanical GSE (MGSE). This reduces development costs for projects and enhances the flexibility and ergonomics of primarily mechanical AIV operations. In this paper, the robotic MGSE system is described, the operational prospects for in-line verification are elaborated and an example is given showing the possibilities and challenges of its operational use as well as its in-line mass determination capabilities. For this purpose, a method has been developed that allows for the precise measurement of the spacecraft mass using the robot’s existing technology without the need for additional hardware. Subsequent work will extend this to determine the center of gravity and the moments of inertia of the payload on the robotic MGSE.
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    Simulating asteroid impacts and meteor events by high-power lasers : from the laboratory to spaceborne missions
    (2023) Ferus, Martin; Knížek, Antonín; Cassone, Giuseppe; Rimmer, Paul B.; Changela, Hitesh; Chatzitheodoridis, Elias; Uwarova, Inna; Žabka, Ján; Kabáth, Petr; Saija, Franz; Saeidfirozeh, Homa; Lenža, Libor; Krůs, Miroslav; Petera, Lukáš; Nejdl, Lukáš; Kubelík, Petr; Křivková, Anna; Černý, David; Divoký, Martin; Pisařík, Michael; Kohout, Tomáš; Palamakumbure, Lakshika; Drtinová, Barbora; Hlouchová, Klára; Schmidt, Nikola; Martins, Zita; Yáñez, Jorge; Civiš, Svatopoluk; Pořízka, Pavel; Mocek, Tomáš; Petri, Jona; Klinkner, Sabine
    Meteor plasmas and impact events are complex, dynamic natural phenomena. Simulating these processes in the laboratory is, however, a challenge. The technique of laser induced dielectric breakdown was first used for this purpose almost 50 years ago. Since then, laser-based experiments have helped to simulate high energy processes in the Tunguska and Chicxulub impact events, heavy bombardment on the early Earth, prebiotic chemical evolution, space weathering of celestial bodies and meteor plasma. This review summarizes the current level of knowledge and outlines possible paths of future development.
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    Assessment of high enthalpy flow conditions for re-entry aerothermodynamics in the plasma wind tunnel facilities at IRS
    (2021) Loehle, Stefan; Zander, Fabian; Eberhart, Martin; Hermann, Tobias; Meindl, Arne; Massuti-Ballester, Bartomeu; Leiser, David; Hufgard, Fabian; Pagan, Adam S.; Herdrich, Georg; Fasoulas, Stefanos
    This article presents the full operational experimental capabilities of the plasma wind tunnel facilities at the Institute of Space Systems at the University of Stuttgart. The simulation of the aerothermodynamic environment experienced by vehicles entering the atmosphere of Earth is attempted using three different facilities. Utilizing the three different facilities, the recent improvements enable a unique range of flow conditions in relation to other known facilities. Recent performance optimisations are highlighted in this article. Based on the experimental conditions demonstrated a corresponding flight scenario is derived using a ground-to-flight extrapolation approach based on local mass-specific enthalpy, total pressure and boundary layer edge velocity gradient. This shows that the three facilities cover the challenging parts of the aerothermodynamics along the entry trajectory from Low Earth Orbit. Furthermore, the more challenging conditions arising during interplanetary return at altitudes above 70 km are as well covered.
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    3-D visualization of transparent fluid flows from snapshot light field data
    (2021) Eberhart, Martin; Loehle, Stefan; Offenhäuser, Philipp
    This paper presents the use of light field data, recorded in a snapshot from a single plenoptic camera, for 3-D visualization of transparent fluid flows. We demonstrate the transfer of light field deconvolution, a method so far used only in microscopy, to macroscopic scales with a photographic setup. This technique is suitable for optically thin media without any additional particles or tracers and allows volumetric investigation of non-stationary flows with a simple single camera setup. An experimental technique for the determination of the shift-variant point spread functions is presented, which is a key for applications using a photographic optical system. The paper shows results from different test cases with increasing complexity. Reconstruction of the 3-D positions of randomly distributed light points demonstrates the achievable high accuracy of the technique. Gas flames and droplets of a fluorescent liquid show the feasibility of the proposed method for the visualization of transparent, luminous flows. The visualizations exhibit high quality and resolution in low-contrast flows, where standard plenoptic software based on computer vision fails. Axial resolution depends on the data and is about an order of magnitude lower than the lateral resolution for simple point objects. The technique also allows the time-resolved analysis of flow structures and the generation of 3D3C-velocity fields from a sequence of exposures.
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    Upgrades of a small electrostatic dust accelerator at the University of Stuttgart
    (2023) Li, Yanwei; Bauer, Marcel; Kelz, Sebastian; Strack, Heiko; Simolka, Jonas; Mazur, Christian; Sommer, Maximilian; Mocker, Anna; Srama, Ralf
    In this paper, we describe the upgrade of a small electrostatic dust accelerator located at the University of Stuttgart. The newly developed dust source, focusing lens, differential detector and linac stage were successfully installed and tested in the beam line. The input voltage range of the dust source was extended from 0-20 kV to 0-30 kV. A newly developed dust detector with two differential charge sensitive amplifiers is employed to monitor particles with speeds from several m/s to several km/s and with surface charges above 0.028 fC. The post-stage linac provides an additional acceleration ability with a total voltage of up to 120 kV. The entire system of this dust accelerator works without protection gas and without a complex high voltage terminal. The volumes to be pumped down are small and can be quickly evacuated. The new system was used to accelerate micron- and submicron-sized metal particles or coated mineral materials. Improvements in the acceleration system allow for a wider variety of dust materials and new applications.
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    Extension of the plasma radiation database PARADE for the analysis of meteor spectra
    (2021) Loehle, Stefan; Eberhart, Martin; Zander, Fabian; Meindl, Arne; Rudawska, Regina; Koschny, Detlef; Zender, Joe; Dantowitz, Ron; Jenniskens, Peter
    The advancement in the acquisition of spectral data from meteors, as well as the capability to analyze meteoritic entries in ground testing facilities, requires the assessment of the performance of software tools for the simulation of spectra for different species. The Plasma Radiation Database, PARADE, is a line‐by‐line emission calculation tool. This article presents the extensions implemented for the simulation of meteor entries with the additional atomic species Na, K, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ca, Ni, Co, Mg, Si, and Li. These atoms are simulated and compared to ground testing spectra and to observed spectra from the CILBO observatory. The diatomic molecules AlO and TiO have now been added to the PARADE database. The molecule implementations have been compared to the results of a simple analytical program designed to approximate the vibrational band emission of diatomic molecules. AlO and TiO have been identified during the airborne observation campaigns of re‐entering man‐made objects WT1190F and CYGNUS OA6. Comparisons are provided showing reasonable agreement between observation and simulation.
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    Modelling cometary meteoroid stream traverses of the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft en route to Phobos
    (2021) Krüger, Harald; Kobayashi, Masanori; Strub, Peter; Moragas-Klostermeyer, Georg; Sommer, Maximilian; Kimura, Hiroshi; Grün, Eberhard; Srama, Ralf
    The Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) spacecraft is a JAXA mission to Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. MMX will be equipped with the Circum-Martian Dust Monitor (CMDM) which is a newly developed light-weight (650g) large area (1m2) dust impact detector. Cometary meteoroid streams (also referred to as trails) exist along the orbits of comets, forming fine structures of the interplanetary dust cloud. The streams consist predominantly of the largest cometary particles (with sizes of approximately 100μm to 1 cm) which are ejected at low speeds and remain very close to the comet orbit for several revolutions around the Sun. The Interplanetary Meteoroid Environment for eXploration (IMEX) dust streams in space model is a new and recently published universal model for cometary meteoroid streams in the inner Solar System. We use IMEX to study the detection conditions of cometary dust stream particles with CMDM during the MMX mission in the time period 2024 to 2028. The model predicts traverses of 12 cometary meteoroid streams with fluxes of 100μm and bigger particles of at least 10-3m-2day-1 during a total time period of approximately 90 days. The highest flux of 0.15m-2day-1 is predicted for comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff in October 2026. With its large detection area and high sensitivity CMDM will be able to detect cometary meteoroid streams en route to Phobos. Our simulation results for the Mars orbital phase of MMX also predict the occurrence of meteor showers in the Martian atmosphere which may be observable from the Martian surface with cameras on board landers or rovers. Finally, the IMEX model can be used to study the impact hazards imposed by meteoroid impacts onto large-area spacecraft structures that will be particularly necessary for crewed deep space missions.
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    Können wir dem Schicksal der Dinosaurier entgehen? : ein Beitrag der Raumfahrttechnik zu unserem Überleben
    (2003) Auweter-Kurtz, Monika
    Erst seit wenigen Jahren ist bekannt, welches Ereignis zum Aussterben der Dinosaurier geführt hat. Aufnahmen aus dem Weltall haben zur Klärung dieser Frage wesentlich beigetragen. Zunehmend wird man sich der Bedrohung durch andere Himmelskörper bewusst, nicht nur unter Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern. Auch die politisch Verantwortlichen in den USA und Europa reagieren, und die Wirtschaft horcht auf Die Überwachung unserer Umgebung, die Erforschung erdnaher Objekte und die Entwicklung effizienter Abwehrstrategien sollten in naher Zukunft zu wichtigen Gemeinschaftsaufgaben aller Menschen werden. Die Raumfahrttechnik wird hierfür eine Schlüsseltechnologie sein.
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    Mars and Venus entry simulation capabilities of IRS plasma wind tunnel PWK3
    (2012) Herdrich, Georg; Marynowski, Thomas; Dropmann, Michael; Fasoulas, Stefanos
    An assessment is made for the inductively driven plasma wind tunnel PWK3 with the goal to derive relevant mass specific enthalpies for typical Mars and Venus atmospheric entry missions. For this purpose an integral method has been used which links the plasma power to the radial distribution of total pressure and fully catalytic heat flux in the plasma jet on basis of a relation from Marvin and Pope. Rebuilding the enthalpies with this relation allows for the derivation of a gas specific proportionality factor. This factor enables the derivation of the mass specific enthalpies at the centre line and the radial profiles for the respective condition are not necessarily required any more. Correspondingly a review of reference CO2 plasma conditions obtained in past investigations at IRS leads to the identification of an operational envelope in terms of the mass specific enthalpies which are from an energy consideration the prerequisite for the creation of similarities with respect to the real atmospheric entry maneuvers. The analysis shows that PWK3 is capable to cover the full range of mass specific enthalpies that are required for typical Mars and Venus atmospheric entry scenarios.
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    Electrical conductivity of the thermal dusty plasma under the conditions of a hybrid plasma environment simulation facility
    (2015) Zhukhovitskii, Dmitry I.; Petrov, Oleg F.; Hyde, Truell W.; Herdrich, Georg; Laufer, Rene; Dropmann, Michael; Matthews, Lorin S.
    We discuss the inductively heated plasma generator (IPG) facility in application to the generation of the thermal dusty plasma formed by the positively charged dust particles and the electrons emitted by them. We develop a theoretical model for the calculation of plasma electrical conductivity under typical conditions of the IPG. We show that the electrical conductivity of dusty plasma is defined by collisions with the neutral gas molecules and by the electron number density. The latter is calculated in the approximations of an ideal and strongly coupled particle system and in the regime of weak and strong screening of the particle charge. The maximum attainable electron number density and corresponding maximum plasma electrical conductivity prove to be independent of the particle emissivity. Analysis of available experiments is performed, in particular, of our recent experiment with plasma formed by the combustion products of a propane-air mixture and the CeO2 particles injected into it. A good correlation between the theory and experimental data points to the adequacy of our approach. Our main conclusion is that a level of the electrical conductivity due to the thermal ionization of the dust particles is sufficiently high to compete with that of the potassium-doped plasmas.