14 Externe wissenschaftliche Einrichtungen

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/15

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Open Access
Analytical determination of the group velocity of an arbitrary Lamb wave from its phase velocity
(1992) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
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Open Access
Calculations of point-defect properties in copper, silver, and gold based on three-body interactions
(1982) Bauer, Rolf; Maysenhölder, Waldemar; Seeger, Alfred
Long-term trends in the calculation of defect properties in the noble metals are criticezed. On physical grounds it is argued that the model potentials used should allow for many-body interactions. Results based on potentials which include three-body interaction terms are presented for Cu, Ag, and Au.
Open Access
Cohesive properties of bcc and fcc rubidium from ab initio pseudopotentials
(1985) Maysenhölder, Waldemar; Louie, Steven G.; Cohen, Marvin L.
Total-energy calculations have been performed for Rb at zero temperature using a self-consistent ab initio pseudopotential approach within a local-density-functional scheme. The energy difference between fcc and bcc Rb, and the energy barrier between these structures, are found to be extremely small near the equilibrium volume. Agreement of the calculated cohesive properties of bcc Rb with experimental values is good in view of the softness of the material. A transition from bcc to fcc has been calculated to occur at a pressure of about 52 kbar for T=0 K, which compares favorably with the observed value of 70 kbar for this transition at room temperature.
Open Access
Effect of three-body interactions on the formation entropy of monovacancies in copper, silver and gold
(1985) Maysenhölder, Waldemar; Bauer, Rolf; Seeger, Alfred
The vacancy formation entropy in Cu, Ag and Au is estimated from model calculations with explicit treatment of three-body interactions. The three-body interactions cause a rather strong relaxation around the vacancies and therefore lead to lower values for the formation entropy than usual pair-potential calculations.
Open Access
The Eshelby factor for cubic crystals with arbitrary elastic anisotropy
(1984) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
The Eshelby factor for cubic crystals has been calculated for arbitrary anisotropy. One of the two integrations needed could be performed analytically. An expansion up to 4th order in the anisotropy and exact results for special cases are also given.
Open Access
Impact of COVID-19 on electricity demand : deriving minimum states of system health for studies on resilience
(2021) Manjunath, Smruti; Yeligeti, Madhura; Fyta, Maria; Haas, Jannik; Gils, Hans-Christian
To assess the resilience of energy systems, i.e., the ability to recover after an unexpected shock, the system’s minimum state of service is a key input. Quantitative descriptions of such states are inherently elusive. The measures adopted by governments to contain COVID-19 have provided empirical data, which may serve as a proxy for such states of minimum service. Here, we systematize the impact of the adopted COVID-19 measures on the electricity demand. We classify the measures into three phases of increasing stringency, ranging from working from home to soft and full lockdowns, for four major electricity consuming countries of Europe. We use readily accessible data from the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity as a basis. For each country and phase, we derive representative daily load profiles with hourly resolution obtained by k-medoids clustering. The analysis could unravel the influence of the different measures to the energy consumption and the differences among the four countries. It is observed that the daily peak load is considerably flattened and the total electricity consumption decreases by up to 30% under the circumstances brought about by the COVID-19 restrictions. These demand profiles are useful for the energy planning community, especially when designing future electricity systems with a focus on system resilience and a more digitalised society in terms of working from home.
Open Access
Integrated multidimensional sustainability assessment of energy system transformation pathways
(2021) Naegler, Tobias; Becker, Lisa; Buchgeister, Jens; Hauser, Wolfgang; Hottenroth, Heidi; Junne, Tobias; Lehr, Ulrike; Scheel, Oliver; Schmidt-Scheele, Ricarda; Simon, Sonja; Sutardhio, Claudia; Tietze, Ingela; Ulrich, Philip; Viere, Tobias; Weidlich, Anke
Sustainable development embraces a broad spectrum of social, economic and ecological aspects. Thus, a sustainable transformation process of energy systems is inevitably multidimensional and needs to go beyond climate impact and cost considerations. An approach for an integrated and interdisciplinary sustainability assessment of energy system transformation pathways is presented here. It first integrates energy system modeling with a multidimensional impact assessment that focuses on life cycle-based environmental and macroeconomic impacts. Then, stakeholders’ preferences with respect to defined sustainability indicators are inquired, which are finally integrated into a comparative scenario evaluation through a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), all in one consistent assessment framework. As an illustrative example, this holistic approach is applied to the sustainability assessment of ten different transformation strategies for Germany. Applying multi-criteria decision analysis reveals that both ambitious (80%) and highly ambitious (95%) carbon reduction scenarios can achieve top sustainability ranks, depending on the underlying energy transformation pathways and respective scores in other sustainability dimensions. Furthermore, this research highlights an increasingly dominant contribution of energy systems’ upstream chains on total environmental impacts, reveals rather small differences in macroeconomic effects between different scenarios and identifies the transition among societal segments and climate impact minimization as the most important stakeholder preferences.
Open Access
Investigation and design of an impact actuated micro shift valve
(2013) Fischer, Christian; Fritz, Karl-Peter; Eberhard, Peter; Kück, Heinz
New concepts for an impact actuated micro shift valve are presented which are useful e.g. as im plant for the hydrocephalus disease. Such an implant must fulfil requirements, such as using biocompatible materials, a separation of the actuator from the fluid, MRT safety and low energy consumption in order to allow a battery powered system. The concepts are based on impacts that transmit an impulse into the interior of the valve through the casing, switching the valve. In order to predict the energy transmitted into the valve, an elastic multibody model is created, verified with full finite element simulations and experiments on scaled-up models. Using this model, the most important effects and parameters are discussed. Also, fluid effects are included into the elastic multibody model for a qualitative assessment of its influence on the efficiency. The simulations are compared to experiments performed with a scaled model for two different cases. Two designs of a shift valve based on impact actuation are built as prototypes and tested.
Open Access
Investigation of the long‐term stability of solid oxide electrolysis stacks under pressurized conditions in exothermic steam and co‐electrolysis mode
(2020) Riedel, Marc; Heddrich, Marc P.; Friedrich, K. Andreas
In this study three identically constructed ten‐layer stacks with electrolyte supported cells were tested in exothermic steam and co‐electrolysis mode at elevated pressures of 1.4 and 8 bar. Investigations during constant‐current operation at a current density of -0.5 A cm-2 and a reactant conversion of 70% over 1,000-2,000 h were carried out. The inlet gas composition for steam electrolysis was 90/10 (H2O/H2) and 63.7/31.3/3.3/1.7 (H2O/CO2/H2/CO) for co‐electrolysis operation. All stacks showed highly similar resistances at the beginning of the tests indicating a high level of accuracy and repeatability during manufacturing. The stack operated in steam electrolysis mode at 1.4 bar showed comparably low degradation of 8 mV kh-1 cell-1, whereas the stack operated at 8 bar showed an approximately four times higher degradation. The third stack was operated in co‐electrolysis mode at 1.4 and 8 bar and showed noticeably higher degradation rates than during steam electrolysis mode. The predominant increase of the ohmic resistance during operation was identified to be mainly responsible for the observed degradation of all three stacks, whereas the increase of the polarization resistances played a subordinate role. Within the post‐test analysis, noticeably high nickel depletion was observed for the stack operated at the highest pressure in steam electrolysis mode. Furthermore, partial delamination of electrodes was observed. The degradation is discussed with relation to phenomena and experimental parameters during operation.
Open Access
Körperschallausbreitung in Gebäuden : Untersuchungen mit einem Intensitätsmeßverfahren
(1988) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
Bauakustische Körperschallmessungen haben sich bisher fast ausschließlich auf die Messung von Schwingungsamplituden beschränkt ("Körperschallpegel"). Die für einen wirksamen Schallschutz so wichtige Frage, wie sich die Schwingungsenergie ausbreitet, wird aber durch eine reine Pegelmessung meistens nicht zuverlässig beantwortet. Zu diesem Zweck muß die Körperschallintensität gemessen werden. Unter gewissen Bedingungen läßt sich die Körperschallintensität relativ einfach aus dem Kreuzspektrum zweier Beschleunigungssignale bestimmen. Die Grundzüge dieser in der Bauakustik noch neuen Meßtechnik werden erläutert. Ihr Einsatz bei der Lokalisierung von Schallbrücken und beim Studium der Schalllängsdämmung zeigt die deutliche Überlegenheit gegenüber reinen Körperschallpegelmessungen.
Open Access
Lowest-order approximations to relaxation volumes of monovacancies in cubic metals from pair potentials and Finnis-Sinclair potentials
(1986) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
Relaxation volumes of point defects in cubic metals can be conveniently estimated by differentiating approximate formation energies with respect to the lattice constant. Lowest-order analytical expressions for monovacancies have been derived for equilibrium pair potentials and for the N-body potentials of Finnis and Sinclair (1984). These expressions may be evaluated with little effort and prove far superior to other lowest-order approximations to vacancy relaxation volumes.
Open Access
Neue Schalldämm-Prüfzeugnisse im europäischen Binnenmarkt
(1994) Scholl, Werner; Maysenhölder, Waldemar; Fischer, Heinz-Martin
Die Luftschalldämmung von Bauteilen wird im künftigen Europa durch Schalldämm-Maße ohne Flankenübertragung gekennzeichnet werden sowie durch zusätzliche Einzahlwerte, die das Verhalten des Bauteils gegenüber speziellen Geräuschspektren (u.a. Verkehrslärm) erfassen. Die zusätzlichen Einzahlwerte lassen sich nachträglich aus alten Meßwerten - die Vorlage der alten Prüfzeugnisse reicht nicht! -bestimmen, wenn die damaligen Meßbedingungen den heutigen entsprechen. Die Anwendbarkeit bei eingeschlossener «bauähnlicher Flankenübertragung» ist allerdings ungeklärt. Das nachträgliche Herausrechnen der in Deutschland mitberücksichtigten «bauähnlichen Flankenübertragung» ist wesentlich schwieriger und nur bis etwa R'w = 55 dB möglich. Aufgrund umfangreicher eigener Untersuchungen wurde vom Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik ein Vorschlag zur wechselseitigen Umrechnung der Einzahlwerte Rw und R'w erarbeitet, der als Annex G in das bei CEN/TC 126/WG 2 erarbeitete Dokument zur Bauakustik aufgenommen wurde. Falls diesem Annex im Laufe der bei CEN erforderlichen Abstimmungsprozedur nicht widersprochen wird - die zuständige Arbeitsgruppe hat dem Vorschlag bereits zugestimmt -, steht ein Weg zur Verfügung, der während einer Übergangsphase die Verwendung bisheriger deutscher Schalldämmungs-Prüfzeugnisse auf dem europäischen Binnenmarkt sicherstellt. Damit wäre ein wichtiger Schritt zur Gewährleistung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der deutschen Bauwirtschaft getan.
Open Access
On the determination of interaction parameters from correlations in binary alloys
(1987) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
The determination of interaction parameters from correlation functions in binary alloys is discussed by means of high-temperature expansions for the correlations. The inherent nonlinearity of this "inverse problem" of statistical mechanics leading to non-unique solutions is emphasized. The formulation includes pair and triplet interactions. Some results of a specific "inverse Monte Carlo calculation" are criticized. The paper provides a collection of formulae, especially for probabilities and correlations, which should prove useful for clarifying the subject.
Open Access
Proof of two theorems related to the energy of acoustic Bloch waves in periodically inhomogeneous media
(1993) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
Two theorems which are applicable to plane waves in homogeneous elastic media are generalized to the case of periodic inhomogeneity. The first theorem is known as Rayleigh's principle and essentially says that, on average, kinetic energy equals potential energy. The second theorem states that group velocity and velocity of energy transport ("energy velocity") are the same. Both equalities are verified below for periodically inhomogeneous media. As distinguished from the homogeneous case one has to deal with Bloch waves instead of plane waves and has to perform spatial averages over an elementary cell of the lattice. By means of plausible arguments the theorems can also be applied to the modes of infinitely extended plates and beams.
Open Access
Rigorous computation of plate-wave intensity
(1990) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
Exact analytical expressions exist for the displacement fields of elastic waves in homogeneous, isotropic, infinite plates of constant thickness. From these expressions the intensity and the time-averaged energy density of an arbitrary propagating mode at arbitrary frequency is derived without any approximation as a function of the spatial coordinate from surface to surface. Spatial averaging of these quantities across the thickness of the plate is also performed analytically and exactly. Practical application of the results to a particular mode requires the knowledge of its phase and group velocity, which in general have to be computed by numerical methods. Numerous diagrams illustrate the behaviour of the analytical expressions, especially for the quasi-longitudinal mode and the bending mode. Comparison of the exact intensity of the bending mode with the approximate expression from simple bending wave theory leads to a precise determination of the error which enters the conventional method of measuring the bending wave intensity. This offers the possibility of extending the conventional measuring technique beyond the validity of thin plate theory.
Open Access
Some didactical and some practical remarks on free plate waves
(1987) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
It is recalled how wave equations can be generated from dispersion relations. The bending wave equation for thin plates including some higher-order terms is obtained by this general method and compared to the corresponding equation of Timoshenko. Further, the dispersion of free plate waves is derived in a concise and elementary manner without using a scalar potential and a vector potential for the displacements. Finally, as a matter of practical interest, exact and approximate expressions for the ratio of parallel to perpendicular displacements at a plate surface are calculated. Under favourable circumstances measurement of this ratio allows decomposing an observed wave into its quasi-longitudinal and bending components.
Open Access
Sound bridge localization in buildings by structure-borne sound intensity measurements
(1989) Maysenhölder, Waldemar; Schneider, Walter
A localization procedure is described which permits fast and accurate localization of point-like sound bridges in buildings by means of measurements of the vibrational intensity at a few points on the wall or : floor. In a laboratory experiment a resolution of about 10 cm was achieved with seven points. Essential to the performance of the procedure are a favourable choice of the positions of the measurement points, a suitable weighting of the measured data, and a favourable choice of the band for the frequency average.
Open Access
Storage technologies for the electricity transition : an analysis of actors, actor perspectives and transition pathways in Germany
(2020) Frey, Ulrich J.; Wassermann, Sandra; Deissenroth-Uhrig, Marc
This article analyses actors in the storage niche during the German electricity transition. Thus, we develop a more differentiated understanding of actors and their storage activities. For that, we employ the analytical multi-level-perspective (MLP) framework to focus on interactions between old and new storage technologies. Using data from expert interviews, we investigate whether the storage pathway resembles any of the four ideal types of transition pathways for interactions between niche and regime. Through our interviews, we identify five types of actor in the storage market: Big 4 (EnBW, RWE, E.ON, Vattenfall), project developers, innovative municipal utilities, small rural municipal utilities and independent green electricity providers. For each actor, we analyse four main aspects (1) previous orientation and motivation, (2) structural strategies, (3) institutional strategies, and (4) product-related strategies. Parallel to the classification of actors, we also classify available storage technologies according to their primary field of application. We conclude that interactions between regime and niche actors are cooperative, but weak, and no specific actor type currently dominates the niche activities. Hence, applications in the storage niche are not yet ready for a larger market. In sum, our results point to a future system that is characterized by reconfiguration, not substitution or transformation of current market actors.
Open Access
Two subroutines for calculating lattice sums and the distortion field due to a point force in hexagonal systems
(1981) Maysenhölder, Waldemar
The subroutines ARRANGE and DISPL contained in HEXALAT have been developed for application of solid state theory to hexagonal crystals, in particular to the hexagonal closed packed (hcp) structures. ARRANGE generates the coordinates of a roughly estispherical arrangement of atoms which occupy regular sites of an hcp structure, and thus provides a means for calculating lattice sums very easily.
Open Access
Ultrasonic attenuation due to resonant interaction with a distribution of level splittings of the ground state of shallow acceptors in Ge
(1976) Ortlieb, Erhard; Schad, Hanspeter; Lassmann, Kurt
The ultrasonic attenuation in Ge (Ga, In) has been measured in the frequency range from 500 MHz to 2.5 GHz, and from room temperature down to 1 K. Below 10 K the attenuation rises as ω2/T. For the first time saturation of the attenuation has been observed for ground state of a shallow acceptor. These results can be interpreted as due to resonance interaction with level splittings of a broad distribution with width of about 0.1 meV.