01 Fakultät Architektur und Stadtplanung
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Item Open Access Unpacking stakeholder perceptions of the benefits and challenges associated with urban greenspaces in Sub-Saharan Africa(2021) Guenat, Solène; Porras Lopez, Gabriel; Mkwambisi, David D; Dallimer, MartinUrban greenspaces underpin ecosystem service provision in cities and are therefore indispensable for human well-being. Nevertheless, they are increasingly disappearing from cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding how the stakeholders influencing urban greenspace management perceive the benefits provided by urban greenspaces and the challenges to its conservation and management is critical for reversing this trend. Using Malawi’s capital city, Lilongwe, as a case study, we conducted 44 semi-structured interviews to explore the profiles and perceptions of stakeholders who currently hold influence over greenspace planning, conservation and management. Stakeholders with influence over urban greenspace management described the main focus of their organisation as relating to urban planning, natural resources protection and management, development work, or the hospitality business sector. Critically, only a third of all stakeholders focused on natural resources protection and management. Stakeholders had nuanced and varied appreciations of the benefits that greenspaces provide. Regulation and maintenance ecosystem services, as well as cultural services were frequently mentioned. However, provisioning services were mostly mentioned by those in development work. Stakeholders also identified an additional suite of societal benefits that do not directly map onto ecosystem service frameworks, such as the generation of financial income and the provision of employment opportunities. Challenges identified as hampering the planning, conservation and management of greenspaces included inappropriate urbanisation, lack of coordination and participation, and population growth. Lack of coordination was however not widely acknowledged among those focusing on natural resources protection, who conversely identified population growth more often than any other groups. Highlighting how stakeholders with varying priorities perceive ecosystem services a first step towards improving greenspaces management both for their better acceptation and for improving their potential for biodiversity conservation. Specifically, we bring attention to need for stakeholders working with natural resources protection to recognise more the need for collaborations and engagement. Additional research is also necessary to understand how those different perspectives might be integrated into ongoing processes and procedures to manage greenspaces in Sub-Saharan Africa.Item Open Access HAUS TRADITION GLÜCK - Die Korrelation traditioneller Architektur und Stadtstrukturen mit dem subjektiven Wohlbefinden der Altstadtbewohner von Tunis(2021) Humpert, Raoul Cyril; Hannemann, Christine (Prof. Dr.)Das Haus, die Tradition und das Glück; die drei charakteristischen Termini dieser Forschung stehen explizit und markant in ihrer direkten Aneinanderreihung und sollen als Hyperonyme einer Metaebene für den folgenden Diskurs dienen. Diese setzt sich mit der Wechselbeziehung und Symbiose dieser drei Themenfelder auseinander. HAUS - als Synonym für (domestikale) Architektur und Stadtstruktur sowie Planung. TRADITION - für traditionelles Bauen und verwandte traditionelle Bräuche sowie kulturelle Gegebenheiten. GLÜCK - als Überbegriff von Wohnzufriedenheit, Lebensqualität, Glück und subjektivem Wohlbefinden in Bezug zur gebauten Umwelt. Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit ist die Erkenntnis darüber, ob, inwiefern und auf welche Weise traditionelle Architektur und traditionelle Stadtstrukturen das Wohlbefinden von Bewohnern beeinflusst. Prinzipiell setzt sich die Abeit somit aus zwei Teilen zusammen. Im ersten Teil, der theoretisch-konzeptionellen Rahmung, wird sich in einem (Architektur-)theoretischen Diskurs mit der Forschungsthematik auseinandergesetzt. Darauf aufbauend, wird das Konzept für die Feldforschung entwickelt. Deren Ergebnisse die Grundlage des zweiten empirischen Teils der Arbeit bilden.Item Open Access Towards digital automation flexibility in large-scale timber construction : integrative robotic prefabrication and co-design of the BUGA Wood Pavilion(2020) Wagner, Hans Jakob; Alvarez, Martin; Groenewolt, Abel; Menges, AchimThis paper discusses the digital automation workflows and co-design methods that made possible the comprehensive robotic prefabrication of the BUGA Wood Pavilion - a large-scale production case study of robotic timber construction. Latest research in architectural robotics often focuses on the advancement of singular aspects of integrated digital fabrication and computational design techniques. Few researchers discuss how a multitude of different robotic processes can come together into seamless, collaborative robotic fabrication workflows and how a high level of interaction within larger teams of computational design and robotic fabrication experts can be achieved. It will be increasingly important to discuss suitable methods for the management of robotics and computational design in construction for the successful implementation of robotic fabrication systems in the context of the industry. We present here how a co-design approach enabled the organization of computational design decisions in reciprocal feedback with the fabrication planning, simulation and robotic code generation. We demonstrate how this approach can implement direct and curated reciprocal feedback between all planning domains - paving the way for fast-paced integrative project development. Furthermore, we discuss how the modularization of computational routines simplify the management and computational control of complex robotic construction efforts on a per-project basis and open the door for the flexible reutilization of developed digital technologies across projects and building systems.Item Open Access Housing adjustment to handle natural hazards : proactive urban development planning for an effective response to natural hazards and to "build back better" in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction - on the case of Banda Aceh, Indonesia(2021) Lucas, Sabrina; Schönwandt, Walter L. (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Ing. Dipl.-Psych.)Natural hazards, including climatological, meteorological, hydrological, and geophysical hazards can have a devastating impact on human life, the built environment, urban development, and economy. A lack of money and resources, inadequate planning laws and regulations as well as a lack of effective monitoring strategies, are reasons why people in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the impact of natural hazards. In many cases, there is a lack of information and knowledge about what can be done to appropriately adjust housing, comprising the immediate physical environment, both within and outside of buildings where people live, and which serve as a shelter from external influences. The present thesis investigates the need for pre-disaster housing adjustment strategies as a necessary contribution of urban development planning at a local level. This was achieved through systematic interviews and field studies in the post disaster study area Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Two instruments for pre-disaster planning are introduced: ‘Proactive urban development planning as pre-disaster protection’, a systematic risk management approach, before a disaster strikes as part of the everyday planning process; and a ‘reconstruction template’ to prepare for the worst-case scenario. With these two instruments, not only the quality of reconstruction projects can be improved but, in long-term urban development planning, housing can be adjusted to natural hazards. This approach is based on the UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction) Sendai framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and forms a bridge between post-disaster reconstruction and long-lasting urban development.Item Open Access A systematic approach for developing agent-based architectural design models of segmented shells : towards autonomously learned goal-oriented agent behaviors(Stuttgart : Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, 2021) Schwinn, Tobias; Menges, Achim (Prof.)Segmented shell design constitutes a novel and promising research area in shell design that has emerged over the last 10 years. The prospect of dividing a continuous shell surface into segments is to resolve some of the constraints of continuous shells that have limited their application in building practice. As part of large-span surface structures, segmented shells have shown to possess similar desirable features, while allowing for a high degree of prefabrication. The geometry of individual building elements and global form are, however, complex, which poses a challenge to designing and building segmented shells. One of the challenges of segmented shell design in particular is meeting multiple interrelated, sometimes conflicting, evaluation criteria: geometric validity, structural stability, and producibility. In segmented shell design geometric validity and producibility are aspects that can be considered locally, meaning on the level of the individual building element, while structural stability needs to be evaluated globally and can be conceived of as the global effect of the properties and interactions of all segments in the shell. Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) provides the opportunity to bridge the gap between local characteristics and global performance. By focusing on the detailed description of the individual building elements and their interactions and by conceiving of the global form as the result of a myriad of local interactions of virtual agents representing building elements, the global design problem can be solved in parallel on the level of the individual building elements. The work thus proposes a methodology for developing agent-based models of buildings where agents constitute building elements. The research pursues and synthesizes two investigative strands: on the one hand, generalizing findings from previously built plate shells as part of a case study-based, inductive research approach, which is geared towards building a catalog of validated design principles for plate shells; on the other hand, systematizing the agent-based modeling approach for architectural design-oriented applications in general, and plate shell design in particular.Item Open Access Computational Design Methoden für die Gestaltung von Automobilen(Stuttgart : Institut für Computerbasiertes Entwerfen und Baufertigung, Universität Stuttgart, 2020) Reichert, Steffen; Menges, Achim (Prof.)In dieser Dissertation wird die Anwendbarkeit von computerbasierten Gestaltungsmethoden jenseits klassischer CAD-Modellierung für das Gestaltungsfeld des Automobildesigns untersucht. Formgenerierende Algorithmen und dazugehörige Anwendungsstrategien werden systematisch im Hinblick auf ihre Anwendung im Automobildesign und ihre charakteristische Formensprache vergleichend betrachtet, praktisch erprobt und experimentell erforscht. Weitergehend wird untersucht, zu welchem Zeitpunkt algorithmische Methoden im Gestaltungsprozess einsetzbar sind. Anfänglich wird die Arbeit in den historischen, methodologischen und theoretischen Kontext der Entwicklung von Computational Design gestellt. Einleitende Grundlagen sowie der Stand der Technik werden erörtert. Anschließend werden syntaktische Bestandteile virtueller Formerzeugung und Formveränderung auf prinzipieller Ebene diskutiert und in Form eines konzeptionellen Gerüsts zusammengefügt. Dieses generalisierte Gerüst soll als Rahmenwerk zur Einordnung der Fallstudien, sowie als generelle Beschreibung eines Gestaltungsystems dienen. Eine Kollektion aus sechs Fallstudien bietet einen Überblick über Möglichkeiten von Computational Design und die Vielfalt ihrer Anwendbarkeit im Automobildesign. Die Fallstudien umfassen (1) algorithmische Methoden zur Erzeugung von Mustern, (2) die Erforschung einer generativen Methode zur algorithmischen Erzeugung von dreidimensionalen Fahrzeugkörpern, (3) Umformungsmethoden von Gestaltungen, um geometrische Körper mit erhöhtem Freiheitsgrad deformieren zu können, (4) Methoden der algorithmischen, dreidimensionalen Modulation einer Körperoberfläche, (5) Methoden der algorithmischen Bildung von Entwurfsvarianten, sowie (6) eine empirische Studie zur Validität von Computational Design im praktischen Entwurfsprozess eines Konzeptfahrzeugs. Aus den Fallstudien ergeben sich eine Reihe übergreifender Erkenntnisse über den Nutzen von Algorithmen und computerbasiertem Entwerfen im automobilen Gestaltungskontext. Es wird diskutiert, welche Arten von algorithmischen Methoden in welchen Gebieten und zu welchen Zeitpunkten Anwendung finden können. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass Computational Design mehr als nur die simple Anwendung von Algorithmen bzw. Programmierung im Designprozess bedeutet.Item Open Access Compliant folding : design and fabrication methodology for bio-inspired kinetic folding mechanisms utilized by distinct flexible hinge zones(Stuttgart : Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen, Universität Stuttgart, 2021) Körner, Axel Hannes; Knippers, Jan (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Within the larger context of bio-inspired compliant mechanisms for architectural applications and adaptive building envelopes, this thesis aims for the establishment of a design and fabrication framework for bio-inspired compliant folding mechanisms, utilized by distinct flexible hinge-zones. This includes a methodological design approach, consisting of the abstraction and classification of biological folding mechanisms, as well as a sequential abstraction process of underlying working principles regarding kinetic behaviour, materialisation, and actuation strategies. Furthermore, the geometric adaptability and the design space of the established folding mechanisms has been evaluated, especially related to the applicability to different tessellation patterns for double curved surfaces. The insights built the basis for the development of a series of technical applications on a demonstrator level. The functional case studies serve not only as basis to test and evaluate the established design framework, but also to define, test and assess various fabrication and materialisation strategies, as well as actively controlled actuation principles. The first chapters provide a contextualisation of the topic within the larger architectural discourse and give an overview of the background which has influenced the presented research, including biomimetic architecture, compliant mechanisms and suitable materials. The section concludes with a presentation of current research challenges within the field of kinetic and adaptive building envelopes and introduces a series of sate of the art projects. Chapter three contains the publications about the development of the four demonstrator projects Flectofold, Flexafold, Arch(k)inetic and the ITECH Research Demonstrator 2018-19 and relevant investigations which built the basis for this thesis on the topic of bio-inspired compliant folding mechanisms. Chapter four and five conclude the thesis with a summary and critical reflection of the results, as well as the discussion of potential future developments within the topic of compliant mechanisms for adaptive building envelopes.Item Open Access Structural optimization through biomimetic-inspired material-specific application of plant-based natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRP) for future sustainable lightweight architecture(2020) Sippach, Timo; Dahy, Hanaa; Uhlig, Kai; Grisin, Benjamin; Carosella, Stefan; Middendorf, PeterUnder normal conditions, the cross-sections of reinforced concrete in classic skeleton construction systems are often only partially loaded. This contributes to non-sustainable construction solutions due to an excess of material use. Novel cross-disciplinary workflows linking architects, engineers, material scientists and manufacturers could offer alternative means for more sustainable architectural applications with extra lightweight solutions. Through material-specific use of plant-based Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRP), also named Biocomposites, a high-performance lightweight structure with topology optimized cross-sections has been here developed. The closed life cycle of NFRPs promotes sustainability in construction through energy recovery of the quickly generative biomass-based materials. The cooperative design resulted in a development that were verified through a 1:10 demonstrator, whose fibrous morphology was defined by biomimetically-inspired orthotropic tectonics, generated with by the fiber path optimization software tools, namely EdoStructure and EdoPath in combination with the appliance of the digital additive manufacturing technique: Tailored Fiber Placement (TFP).Item Open Access City and industry: how to cross borders? Learning from innovative company site transformations(2021) Hüttenhain, Britta; Kübler, Anna IlonkaWhile working and living coexisted in the historical city, the functions are separated in the Modernist city. Recently, the idea of connected urban districts with short distances and attractive work spaces have received renewed attention from companies and planners alike, as soft site factors, tacit knowledge, and local production are gaining importance. In this article we focus on the development of multi-national company sites and the economic and spatial conditions that encourage them to transform existing sites, improve placemaking, and cross borders. We also have a look at their interactive influence on the neighbourhood. We talked to the real estate managers of BASF, BMW, Bosch, Siemens, and Trumpf about site development strategies and approaches for connecting and mixing functions, and therefore crossing borders and, where it is necessary, separating. The professional discourse on “productive cities” and “urban manufacturing” is concerned with reintegrating production into the city. Reurbanisation is especially instrumental in overcoming a major guiding principle or dogma of the Modernist city: the separation of functions. Nevertheless, reurbanisation results in price rises and increases the competition for land. Therefore, planning has to pay attention to industrial areas, as well as housing or the inner-city. An important thesis of the article is that multi-national companies are pioneers in transforming their priority sites to suit future development. For cities, it is an upcoming communal task to ensure that all existing industrial areas develop into “just, green and productive cities,” as pointed out in the New Leipzig Charter. To a certain extent, it is possible to adapt the urban planning and design strategies of multi-national companies for existing industrial areas. This is especially true regarding the question of how borders and transition zones between industrial areas of companies and the surrounding neighbourhood can be designed to be spatially and functionally sustainable or how they can be transformed to suit future urban needs. However, urban planning has to balance many concerns and therefore the article concludes with a synopsis of the importance of strategic planning for transforming existing industrial areas.Item Open Access Streetscapes as surrogate greenspaces during COVID-19?(2021) Fischer, Leonie K.; Gopal, DivyaIn 2020, the spread of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) globally led to severe crisis, disruption and hardship in both private and public life. In such times of distress, access to urban greenspaces is essential for physical and mental wellbeing. However, globally implemented lockdowns deprived many people of freely visiting greenspaces. Inequality in access to urban greenspaces was apparent at global scales. Consequently, many people took to streets for outdoor activities due to its easy accessibility. We, therefore, aimed to study the usage and relevance of streetscapes for outdoor activities during a crisis. We hypothesised that streetscapes supported diverse outdoor activities, functioning as surrogate urban greenspaces. We distributed an online questionnaire to over 400 international respondents. Our results clearly showed that people used streetscapes during this period for a variety of activities, many of which were also reported as their main physical activity. Walking was the most frequent activity in streetscapes globally, and independent from sociocultural characteristics. Other activities reported such as jogging and cycling also aligned generally with main physical activities of people, but differed between countries and people's sociocultural background. In summary, more than one third of respondents from lower-income countries reported not having had access to a greenspace, whereas 8% reported the same in high-income countries. Our results highlight the important role of streetscapes in facilitating people's regular physical activities during the pandemic. Recognising streetscapes as important public outdoor spaces within residential neighbourhoods could help counteract the inequality in greenspace access, an issue that seems more relevant than ever before.