01 Fakultät Architektur und Stadtplanung
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/2
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Item Open Access 4D printed hygroscopic programmable material architectures(Stuttgart : Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, 2022) Correa, David; Menges, Achim (Prof., AA Dipl(Hons))Developing Materials that can change their shape in response to external signals, like heat or humidity, is a critical concern for architectural design as it enables designers to develop building components that can be programmed to transform in response to changing environmental conditions. However, developing a stimulus-responsive material requires the architect to extend its level of engagement from the macroscale of the building into the much smaller scale of the material’s micro- and meso-structure. In this thesis, a novel approach for the 4D printing (4DP) of hygroscopic responsive shape-changing mechanisms is proposed and analysed. This approach engages the design of mesoscale technical structures, via a precise material deposition, that harness the anisotropic properties inherent to the fabrication process and the constitution of the printing material itself. Organization models from biological organisms, such as motile plant structures, are abstracted into smart 4D printed techniques to preprogram water induced shape-change using copolymers with embedded cellulose fibrils. This principle enables expansion or contraction forces, whose direction and strength are dependent on the architecture of the 3D printed structure. A series of experiments are described that validate the transfer of known hygroscopic bilayer principles from lamination processes to 3D printing (3DP). They demonstrate the increased programmable control of the 4DP technique through functional gradation, moisture control and multi-phase motion; and present the augmented kinematic capacity of the novel 4DP technique. In addition to the self-shaping mechanisms, the possibilities and challenges of using 4DP structures in architectural applications, such as aperture assemblies and flap mechanisms are discussed. The presented techniques, and bio-inspired approach to material organization, demonstrate the first successful application of differentiated Wood Polymer Composite (WPC) 3DP for programmable hygroscopic shape-change. The experiments can help to form the basis for complex stimulus-responsive building components capable of performing autonomous transformations in technical applications for thermal and moisture regulation.Item Open Access Cross-sectional 4D-printing : upscaling self-shaping structures with differentiated material properties inspired by the large-flowered butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora)(2023) Sahin, Ekin Sila; Cheng, Tiffany; Wood, Dylan; Tahouni, Yasaman; Poppinga, Simon; Thielen, Marc; Speck, Thomas; Menges, AchimExtrusion-based 4D-printing, which is an emerging field within additive manufacturing, has enabled the technical transfer of bioinspired self-shaping mechanisms by emulating the functional morphology of motile plant structures (e.g., leaves, petals, capsules). However, restricted by the layer-by-layer extrusion process, much of the resulting works are simplified abstractions of the pinecone scale’s bilayer structure. This paper presents a new method of 4D-printing by rotating the printed axis of the bilayers, which enables the design and fabrication of self-shaping monomaterial systems in cross sections. This research introduces a computational workflow for programming, simulating, and 4D-printing differentiated cross sections with multilayered mechanical properties. Taking inspiration from the large-flowered butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora), which shows the formation of depressions on its trap leaves upon contact with prey, we investigate the depression formation of bioinspired 4D-printed test structures by varying each depth layer. Cross-sectional 4D-printing expands the design space of bioinspired bilayer mechanisms beyond the XY plane, allows more control in tuning their self-shaping properties, and paves the way toward large-scale 4D-printed structures with high-resolution programmability.Item Open Access Knoten für Tragkonstruktionen aus betongefülltem Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund, inspiriert von der Biomechanik pflanzlicher Verzweigungen : Sondierung einer neuen Bauweise für Tragknoten aus geflochtenem Textil und Beton(Stuttgart : Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen, Universität Stuttgart, 2020) Jonas, Florian, A.; Knippers, Jan (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Item Open Access Tailored lace : moldless fabrication of 3D bio-composite structures through an integrative design and fabrication process(2021) Lehrecke, August; Tucker, Cody; Yang, Xiliu; Baszynski, Piotr; Dahy, HanaaThis research demonstrates an integrative computational design and fabrication workflow for the production of surface-active fibre composites, which uses natural fibres, revitalises a traditional craft, and avoids the use of costly molds. Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are highly tunable building materials, which gain efficiency from fabrication techniques enabling controlled fibre direction and placement in tune with load-bearing requirements. These techniques have evolved closely with industrial textile processes. However, increased focus on automation within FRP fabrication processes have overlooked potential key benefits presented by some lesser-known traditional techniques of fibre arrangement. This research explores the process of traditional bobbin lace-making and applies it in a computer-aided design and fabrication process of a small-scale structural demonstrator in the form of a chair. The research exposes qualities that can expand the design space of FRPs, as well as speculates about the potential automation of the process. In addition, Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (NFRP) are investigated as a sustainable and human-friendly alternative to more popular carbon and glass FRPs.Item Open Access Spatial winding : cooperative heterogeneous multi-robot system for fibrous structures(2020) Duque Estrada, Rebeca; Kannenberg, Fabian; Wagner, Hans Jakob; Yablonina, Maria; Menges, AchimThis research presents a cooperative heterogeneous multi-robot fabrication system for the spatial winding of filament materials. The system is based on the cooperation of a six-axis robotic arm and a customized 2 + 2 axis CNC gantry system. Heterogeneous multi-robot cooperation allows to deploy the strategy of Spatial Winding: a new method of sequential spatial fiber arrangement, based on directly interlocking filament-filament connections, achieved through wrapping one filament around another. This strategy allows to create lightweight non-regular fibrous space frame structures. The new material system was explored through physical models and digital simulations prior to deployment with the proposed robotic fabrication process. An adaptable frame setup was developed which allows the fabrication of a variety of geometries within the same frame. By introducing a multi-step curing process that integrates with the adaptable frame, the iterative production of continuous large-scale spatial frame structures is possible. This makes the structure’s scale agnostic of robotic reach and reduces the necessary formwork to the bare minimum. Through leveraging the capacities of two cooperating machines, the system allows to counteract some of their limitations. A flexible, dynamic and collaborative fabrication system is presented as a strategy to tailor the fiber in space and expand the design possibilities of lightweight fiber structures. The artifact of the proposed fabrication process is a direct expression of the material tectonics and the robotic fabrication system.Item Open Access Strategies for cyber-physical robotic fabrication and construction in architecture(Stuttgart : Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, 2021) Vasey, Lauren; Menges, Achim (Prof.)Interconnected devices, online robotic control, and sensor feedback can enable the development of cyber-physical systems within robotic production processes for architecture and construction. Within the context of architecture and construction, cyber-physical systems present enormous potentials, enabling a reconsideration of typical fragmentation and compartmentalization through increased possibilities for integration and collaboration and a reexamination of the role of standardization, representation, and simulation within stereotypical design and production processes. The capacity of cyber-physical systems to connect the actions of multiple machines, tools, and robots opens up new possibilities for architectural realization. The possibilities considered in this doctoral research fall into four interdependent categories: (i) Flexible, semi-autonomous, and adaptive robotic processes; (ii) Processes that involve indeterminate materials, incalculable, or non-standardized fabrication processes; (iii) Collaborative or interactive fabrication processes which connect multiple entities and human operators towards the execution of common goals; (iv) Increased integration, decision making at run-time, and diagnostics enabled by global monitoring and data processing. A set of methods for implementing a cyber-physical fabrication workflow are presented. These methods include computational techniques for circumnavigating robotic constraints both before and during production. Several extendable network architectures are presented for online control and networked communication, and their application scenarios are discussed. Computational strategies and algorithms for integrating sensor feedback during a fabrication or production process are presented and discussed. The potentials identified and techniques presented are investigated through large-scale physical demonstrators: either single robotic processes augmented with sensor feedback or multi-robot fabrication and construction processes in which networked communication systems connect robots, machines, users, and devices to work collaboratively towards common fabrication or construction goals. Critically, these case studies faced challenges that would have made them difficult or impossible to implement in the context of a highly linear and compartmentalized production workflow without feedback, sensor integration, or adaptation. The findings summarize design guidelines and strategies for cyber-physical robotic construction processes. A critical conclusion of the work is that technical methodologies are insufficient in enabling the true potentials of cyber-physical construction. Additional developments would enhance the impact of cyber-physical systems in AEC, including domain-specific hardware and software tools developed for the needs and constraints of construction. Integrated co-design processes could enable new material systems and their requisite automation systems to be co-developed.Item Open Access Deformation behavior of elastomer-glass fiber-reinforced plastics in dependence of pneumatic actuation(2021) Mühlich, Mona; González, Edith A.; Born, Larissa; Körner, Axel; Schwill, Lena; Gresser, Götz T.; Knippers, JanThis paper aims to define the influencing design criteria for compliant folding mechanisms with pneumatically actuated hinges consisting of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). Through simulation and physical testing, the influence of stiffness, hinge width as well as variation of the stiffness, in the flaps without changing the stiffness in the hinge zone, was evaluated. Within a finite element model software, a workflow was developed for simulations, in order to infer mathematical models for the prediction of mechanical properties and the deformation behavior as a function of the aforementioned parameters. In conclusion, the bending angle increases with decreasing material stiffness and with increasing hinge width, while it is not affected by the flap stiffness itself. The defined workflow builds a basis for the development of a predictive model for the deformation behavior of FRPs.Item Open Access Material programming for 4D-printing : architected mesostructures for bioinspired self-shaping(Stuttgart : Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart, 2024) Cheng, Tiffany; Menges, Achim (Prof.)Material, structure, and function are tightly intertwined in nature. The movement of plants, for instance, is often encoded through the structuring of tissue materials, allowing plants to change shape over a range of spatial-temporal scales when powered by environmental stimuli. In contrast, the human practice of design and production relies on discrete parts for sensing, actuation, or control. Individual components are sourced worldwide to be assembled into complex systems that demand significant energy for operation. This divergence from nature's strategy is changing the climate and contributing to environmental degradation. This dissertation presents a bioinspired approach to design and fabrication as an alternative to conventional methods of making. The interplay of cellulosic materials, mesostructures, and adaptive response is managed through the developed computational fabrication framework, resulting in hygromorphic 4D-printed systems powered by the free-flowing moisture inputs of the environment. The framework is also generalizable to diverse materials and processes, as showcased through the upscaling of the methods to an industrial robot platform to construct self-shaping hybrid materials systems. Finally, the framework's applicability is proven through the transfer of design principles from biology to self-adjusting wearables for the body and weather-responsive facades for buildings. The presented material programming approach has wide-ranging potential across scales and disciplines, demonstrating that by harnessing biobased materials, material-efficient structures, and environmental input for energy, bioinspired 4D-printing can overcome the competing resources between nature and technology.