11 Interfakultäre Einrichtungen
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Item Open Access SyKonaS - Projektbericht. Nr. 5, Systemische Analyse der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Konfliktlinien und Rahmenbedingungen der Energiewende: Weiterentwicklung soziotechnischer Energieszenarien(Stuttgart : Verbundvorhaben SyKonaS, Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Risiko- und Innovationsforschung der Universität Stuttgart (ZIRIUS), 2024) Hauser, Wolfgang; Wassermann, Sandra; Oviedo, Patricia; León, Christian D.; Weimer-Jehle, Wolfgang; Jaschek, Carolin (Mitwirkende); Prehofer, Sigrid (Mitwirkende)Im Teilvorhaben SyKonaS/iKonS („Systemische Konfliktanalyse mittels Szenariotechnik“) wurden die technoökonomischen Szenarien um soziale Größen ergänzt und zu soziotechnischen Szenarien weiterentwickelt, um ihre jeweilige Konflikthaftigkeit abzuschätzen. Hierfür wurden zwölf durch die technoökonomischen Energieszenarien vorgegebene Größen (wie z.B. die installierte Leistung von Wind onshore im Jahr 2050) und ihre Wirkungen auf zwölf sozio-politische Größen abgeschätzt. Ebenso wurden die Interdependenzen der soziopolitischen Größen erhoben. Es wurde dann die Frage gestellt, welche Konflikte von den verschiedenen Energieszenarien und ihren gesellschaftlichen Wirkungen ausgelöst werden können.Item Open Access Degradation rate location dependency of photovoltaic systems(2020) Frick, Alexander; Makrides, George; Schubert, Markus; Schlecht, Matthias; Georghiou, George E.A main challenge towards ensuring improved lifetime performance and reduction of financial risks of photovoltaic (PV) technologies remains the accurate degradation quantification of field systems and the dependency of this performance loss rate to climatic conditions. The purpose of this study is to address these technological issues by presenting a unified methodology for accurately calculating the degradation rate (𝑅𝐷) of PV systems and provide evidence that degradation mechanisms are location dependent. The method followed included the application of data inference and time series analytics, in the scope of comparing the long-term 𝑅𝐷 of different crystalline Silicon (c-Si) PV systems, installed at different climatic locations. The application of data quality and filtering steps ensured data fidelity for the 𝑅𝐷 analysis. The yearly 𝑅𝐷 results demonstrated that the adopted time series analytical techniques converged after 7 years and were in close agreement to the degradation results obtained from indoor standardized procedures. Finally, the initial hypothesis that the 𝑅𝐷 is location dependent was verified, since the multicrystalline silicon (multi-c-Si) systems at the warm climatic region exhibited higher degradation compared to the respective systems at the moderate climate. For the investigated monocrystalline silicon (mono-c-Si) systems the location-dependency is also affected by the manufacturing technology.Item Open Access Cultural environments with more-than-human perspectives : prototyping through research and training(2023) Davidová, Marie; Barath, Shany; Dickinson, SusannahItem Open Access Socio-technical energy scenarios : state-of-the-art and CIB-based approaches(2020) Weimer-Jehle, Wolfgang; Vögele, Stefan; Hauser, Wolfgang; Kosow, Hannah; Poganietz, Witold-Roger; Prehofer, SigridEnergy conversion is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and energy transition scenarios are a key tool for gaining a greater understanding of the possible pathways toward climate protection. There is consensus in energy research that political and societal framework conditions will play a pivotal role in shaping energy transitions. In energy scenario construction, this perspective is increasingly acknowledged through the approach of informing model-based energy analysis with storylines about societal futures, an exercise we call “socio-technical energy scenario construction” in this article. However, there is a dispute about how to construct the storylines in a traceable, consistent, comprehensive, and reproducible way. This study aims to support energy researchers considering the use of the concept of socio-technical scenarios in two ways: first, we provide a state-of-the-art analysis of socio-technical energy scenario construction by comparing 16 studies with respect to five categories. Second, we address the dispute regarding storyline construction in energy research and examine 13 reports using the Cross-Impact Balances method. We collated researcher statements on the strengths and challenges of this method and identified seven categories of promises and challenges each.Item Open Access Leitfaden für Konzeption, Aufbau und Betrieb von Schulungs- und Pilotanlagen zur Aufbereitung von Trinkwasser und Reinigung von Abwasser aus einer sozio-technischen Perspektive(2021) Minn, Fabienne; Hügler, Michael; Kosow, Hannah; Kramer, Hanna; Krauß, Manuel; León, Christian D.; Stauder, Stefan; Wasielewski, StephanDieser Leitfaden soll Hilfestellung bei der Konzeption, dem Aufbau und dem Betrieb von Schulungs- und Pilotanlagen geben, die im öffentlichen Raum implementiert werden. Solche Pilotanlagen erfordern von Beginn an eine soziale Einbettung und sollten daher in einem partizipativen Prozess in enger Kooperation mit den lokalen Akteuren entwickelt und umgesetzt werden. Der Leitfaden folgt den Phasen des Anlagenbaus, wobei Info-Boxen die Inhalte an einem Fallbeispiel aus der Praxis illustrieren. Dabei gibt der Leitfaden praktische Hinweise und Tipps für die partizipative Umsetzung von Pilotanlagen sowie für die Durchführung begleitender Aktivitäten zur Bewusstseinsbildung und dem Aufbau von Kompetenzen. Der vorliegende Leitfaden ist ein Ergebnis des Forschungsprojektes TRUST, das von 2017 bis 2021 vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) finanziert wurde. In Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Risiko- und Innovationsforschung der Universität Stuttgart (ZIRIUS), dem Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte- und Abfallwirtschaft der Universität Stuttgart (ISWA), dem DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW) sowie den peruanischen Nichtregierungsorganisationen Servicios Educativos Rurales (SER) und Horizontes en Medio Ambiente y Salud (HOMAS) wurde in den Jahren 2020/2021 in einem partizipativen Prozess eine Pilotanlage für die Abwasserreinigung in der Gemeinde San Andrés de Tupicocha im Hochland des Einzugsgebiets des Río Lurín, Peru, installiert.Item Open Access Leaching via weak spots in photovoltaic modules(2021) Nover, Jessica; Zapf-Gottwick, Renate; Feifel, Carolin; Koch, Michael; Werner, Juergen HeinzThis study identifies unstable and soluble layers in commercial photovoltaic modules during 1.5 year long-term leaching. Our experiments cover modules from all major photovoltaic technologies containing solar cells from crystalline silicon (c-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). These technologies cover more than 99.9% of the world market. We cut out module pieces of 5 × 5 cm2 in size from these modules and leached them in water-based solutions with pH 4, pH 7, and pH 11, in order to simulate different environmental conditions. Unstable layers open penetration paths for water-based solutions; finally, the leaching results in delamination. In CdTe containing module pieces, the CdTe itself and the back contact are unstable and highly soluble. In CIGS containing module pieces, all of the module layers are more or less soluble. In the case of c-Si module pieces, the cells’ aluminum back contact is unstable. Module pieces from a-Si technology also show a soluble back contact. Long-term leaching leads to delamination in all kinds of module pieces; delamination depends strongly on the pH value of the solutions. For low pH-values, the time dependent leaching is well described by an exponential saturation behavior and a leaching time constant. The time constant depends on the pH, as well as on accelerating conditions such as increased temperature and/or agitation. Our long-term experiments clearly demonstrate that it is possible to leach out all, or at least a large amount, of the (toxic) elements from the photovoltaic modules. It is therefore not sufficient to carry out experiments just over 24 h and to conclude on the stability and environmental impact of photovoltaic modules.Item Open Access Integrative scenario assessment as a tool to support decisions in energy transition(2021) Kopfmüller, Jürgen; Weimer-Jehle, Wolfgang; Naegler, Tobias; Buchgeister, Jens; Bräutigam, Klaus-Rainer; Stelzer, VolkerEnergy scenarios represent a prominent tool to support energy system transitions towards sustainability. In order to better fulfil this role, two elements are widely missing in previous work on designing, analyzing, and using scenarios: First, a more systematic integration of social and socio-technical characteristics of energy systems in scenario design, and, second, a method to apply an accordingly enhanced set of indicators in scenario assessment. In this article, an integrative scenario assessment methodology is introduced that combines these two requirements. It consists of: (i) A model-based scenario analysis using techno-economic and ecological indicators; (ii) a non-model-based analysis using socio-technical indicators; (iii) an assessment of scenario performances with respect to pre-determined indicator targets; (iv) a normalization method to make the two types of results (model-based and non-model-based) comparable; (v) an approach to classify results to facilitate structured interpretation. The combination of these elements represents the added-value of this methodology. It is illustrated for selected indicators, and exemplary results are presented. Methodological challenges and remaining questions, e.g., regarding the analysis of non-model-based indicators, resource requirements, or the robustness of the methodology are pointed out and discussed. We consider this integrative methodology being a substantial improvement of previous scenario assessment methodologies.Item Open Access Integrated water management solutions in the Lurín Catchment, Lima, Peru : supporting United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 6 : final report of the joint project TRUST(2021) Bondy, Jan; Brauer, Friederike; Cardona, Jaime; Chamorro, Johannes; Fischer, Thilo; Hahne, Lucia; Hinz, Stefan; Hügler, Michael; León, Christian D.; Keller, Sina; Kosow, Hannah; Kramer, Hanna; Krauss, Manuel; Minke, Ralf; Minn, Fabienne; Riese, Felix; Schroers, Samuel; Stauder, Stefan; Sturm, Sebastian; Wasielewski, Stephan; Wienhöfer, Jan; Zahumensky, Yvonne; León, Christian D.; Brauer, Friedrike; Hügler, Michael; Keller, Sina; Kosow, Hannah; Krauss, Manuel; Wasielewski, Stephan; Wienhöfer, JanWith the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nations have established a catalog of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030. One important aspect, formulated as Goal 6, is ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Achieving SDG6 represents a challenge for planning, governance, and water management, especially in prosperous water-scarce regions, where water demand rises steadily and outgrows sustainable supply. Using the example of the catchment area of the Río Lurín in Lima, Peru, the TRUST project demonstrated how interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches could contribute to meeting the water management challenges that are related to achieving SDG 6 in prosperous regions facing water scarcity. The approaches cover the closely interlinked domains water resources, water use, and water management. For each domain, we set up a comprehensive data base, conducted local analyses, and developed integrated concepts taking the river basin perspective into account. The concepts covered drinking water supply, safe wastewater treatment and disposal, and water reuse. They were developed in close cooperation with local actors and national authorities. The methods and tools can be transferred to other regions of the world with similar challenges. This TRUST Report is intended as a manual to help decision-makers and water management professionals to develop and implement locally adapted solutions for sustainable water management.Item Open Access Integrated Policy Package Assessment (IPPA) : a problem-oriented research approach for sustainability transformations(2022) Scheer, Dirk; Schmidt, Maike; Dreyer, Marion; Schmieder, Lisa; Arnold, AnnikaIn this paper, we present the Integrated Policy Package Assessment (IPPA) approach and relate IPPA to three substantial concepts of problem-oriented research concerned with societal transformations: technology assessment (TA), sustainability research (SR), and responsible research and innovation (RRI). The IPPA approach provides (political) decision-makers with transformation and orientation knowledge via a four-step process of (1) design, (2) analysis, (3) evaluation, and (4) discourse of a policy package assessment. It is illustrated with a case study of urban passenger transport. As an integrated approach, IPPA has substantial ties to TA, SR, and RRI. It connects with TA in fundamental ways, since it combines the field of TA with the field of regulatory assessment based on consequence analysis. Connectable to the field of SR, IPPA addresses deliberation processes and sustainable pathway identification based on multi-criteria assessment. In addition, akin to the area of RRI, IPPA shows cross-cutting axes with regards to social resonance assessment and stakeholder evaluation with a focus on multi-actor responsibilities. In this contribution, we link evidence-based impact assessment with transformation pathway mechanisms and corresponding policy packages, backed by stakeholder-based responsible innovation feedback loops. This enhances the ex-ante analysis of policy packages regarding their intended as well as unintended consequences.Item Open Access Size- and surface-dependent solubility of cadmium telluride in aqueous solutions(2021) Zapf-Gottwick, Renate; Zorn, Matthias; Nover, Jessica; Koch, Michael; Feifel, Carolin; Werner, Jürgen H.Due to the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and the scarcity of telluride (Te), CdTe-based photovoltaic modules have been under discussion during the last few years. In particular, the stability of CdTe in aqueous solutions is under debate. Here we show that the stability of CdTe depends not only on the pH of water-based solutions but also on size and surface treatment of CdTe particles. We compare milled module pieces with CdTe powders of different particle size. The leaching of CdTe is conditioned by the outdiffusion of Cd and Te at the interface between CdTe particles and the aqueous solution. The smaller the particle size, the faster the leaching. Therefore, milled module pieces decompose faster than CdTe powders with relatively large grains. We observe a dependence on time t according to t0.43. The room temperature diffusion coefficients are calculated as DCd ≈ 3 × 10-17 cm2/s for Cd, and DTe ≈ 1.5 × 10−17 cm2/s for Te in pH4. The chemical instability in aqueous solutions follows thermodynamic considerations. The solution behavior of Cd and Te depends on the pH value and the redox potential of the aqueous solutions. Chemical treatments such as those used in solar cell production modify the surface of the CdTe particles and their leaching behavior.