02 Fakultät Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/3
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Item Open Access Heat transport from atmosphere through the subsurface to drinking‐water supply pipes(2023) Nissler, Elisabeth; Scherrer, Samuel; Class, Holger; Müller, Tanja; Hermannspan, Mark; Osmancevic, Esad; Haslauer, ClausDrinking‐water quality in supply pipe networks can be negatively affected by high temperatures during hot summer months due to detrimental bacteria encountering ideal conditions for growth. Thus, water suppliers are interested in estimating the temperature in their distribution networks. We investigate both experimentally and by numerical simulation the heat and water transport from ground surface into the subsurface, (i.e., above drinking‐water pipes). We consider the meteorological forcing functions by a sophisticated approach to model the boundary conditions for the heat balance at the soil-atmosphere interface. From August to December 2020, soil temperatures and soil moisture were measured dependent on soil type, land‐use cover, and weather data at a pilot site, constructed specifically for this purpose at the University of Stuttgart with polyethylene and cast‐iron pipes installed under typical in situ conditions. We included this interface condition at the atmosphere-subsurface boundary into an integrated non‐isothermal, variably saturated (Richards') the numerical simulator DuMux 3. This allowed, after calibration, to match measured soil temperatures with ±2°C accuracy. The land‐use cover influenced the soil temperature in 1.5 m more than the soil material used for back‐filling the trench above the pipe.Item Open Access Batch studies of phosphonate and phosphate adsorption on granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) with membrane concentrate and its synthetic replicas(2020) Reinhardt, Tobias; Veizaga Campero, Adriana Noelia; Minke, Ralf; Schönberger, Harald; Rott, EduardPhosphonates are widely used as antiscalants for softening processes in drinking water treatment. To prevent eutrophication and accumulation in the sediment, it is desirable to remove them from the membrane concentrate before they are discharged into receiving water bodies. This study describes batch experiments with synthetic solutions and real membrane concentrate, both in the presence of and absence of granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), to better understand the influence of ions on phosphonate and phosphate adsorption. To this end, experiments were conducted with six different phosphonates, using different molar Ca:phosphonate ratios. The calcium already contained in the GFH plays an essential role in the elimination process, as it can be re-dissolved, and, therefore, increase the molar Ca:phosphonate ratio. (Hydrogen-)carbonate ions had a competitive effect on the adsorption of phosphonates and phosphate, whereas the influence of sulfate and nitrate ions was negligible. Up to pH 8, the presence of CaII had a positive effect on adsorption, probably due to the formation of ternary complexes. At pH > 8, increased removal was observed, with either direct precipitation of Ca:phosphonate complexes or the presence of inorganic precipitates of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate serving as adsorbents for the phosphorus compounds. In addition, the presence of (hydrogen-)carbonate ions resulted in precipitation of CaCO3 and/or dolomite, which also acted as adsorbents for the phosphorus compounds.Item Open Access High-resolution spatio-temporal measurements of the colmation phenomenon under laboratory conditions(Stuttgart : Eigenverlag des Instituts für Wasser- und Umweltsystemmodellierung der Universität Stuttgart, 2022) Mayar, Mohammad Assem; Wieprecht, Silke (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)The fine sediment infiltration and accumulation into the gravel bed of rivers, the so-called colmation phenomenon, is a pernicious process exacerbated by anthropogenic activities. Owing to the importance and complexity of this phenomenon, it has been widely studied over the last decades. Various devices and methods have been developed to assess this phenomenon, where most of them are destructive and sample-based, resulting in an alteration of the natural conditions. Therefore, non-intrusive techniques, which provide spatial and temporal details with a high-resolution, are required to discretize the mechanisms involved in the colmation process. To address these issues, investigations under laboratory conditions may simplify the complexity of nature and enable individual and exactly defined boundary conditions to be investigated. Therefore, this thesis aims at (i) developing a non-intrusive and undisturbed measurement method for the high-resolution spatio-temporal measurements of the sediment infiltration processes and the development of sediment accumulation in an artificial river bed under laboratory conditions, (ii) applying this method to certain experiments for the assessment of the effects of different boundary conditions on sediment infiltration, and (iii) investigating the colmation phenomenon (also known as clogging) of gravel beds. For this purpose, the gamma-ray attenuation method is used together with an artificial gravel bed arranged from the spheres with various diameters and placed in a laboratory flume. This new method works based on the gamma radiation that passes through the infiltrated sediments, water, and bed spheres, in which the gamma-ray attenuation is linked to the variations of the infiltrated sediments’ quantity. The main simplification of this approach is that gravel beds are represented by the combinations of different-sized spheres. This gives the opportunity to fully distinguish infiltrating sediments from the bed material, reduce the complexity of the natural environment, and allows for repetitive measurements of the same position with different boundary conditions. From the results of this study, first, the gamma-ray attenuation measurement method was optimized to resolve the inconsistencies in the measurements. Subsequently, the concept of the non-intrusive and undisturbed measurement is proved through box experiments. Additional reproducibility experiments in the laboratory flume, for a similar bed structure, showed only small deviations between two experiments with the same setup. Consequently, the established technique was used in a series of experiments to evaluate the effects of different supply rates, total supply masses, and sediment particle size boundary conditions on the sediment infiltration and colmation processes. Vertical profiles of the infiltrated sediment were quantified through high spatial resolution measurements. Furthermore, to evaluate the infiltrating sediment accumulation development, and the temporal variations of the infiltrated sediments, the vertical profile measurements were first repeated after a specific time-period to track interval-averaged variations in all positions of the vertical axis. Next, a specific position of the vertical axis was measured continuously during the entire experiment in a high temporal resolution. The measured vertical profiles illustrate the vertical distribution, colmation, and unimpeded percolation of the infiltrated sediments. The dynamic one-point measurement precisely identifies the three phases (the start of the pore-filling, the required time to fill the pore, and the final amount of infiltrated sediments including natural fluctuation during the ongoing experiments) of the sediment infiltration or the possible clogging. As a limitation, the gamma-ray attenuation system’s current configuration only works in artificial gravel beds because of the given density difference between infiltrated sediments and the artificial bed structure. Intense radiations that pass through the natural bed's thickness are capable of detecting a significant amount of infiltrated sediments. However, small amounts of infiltrated sediments will create only a minimal shift in attenuation, which might be confused with the statistical error. In addition, the legal restriction against using radioactive material in the natural environment is another reason for not applying it in the field. Furthermore, the gamma-ray attenuation method cannot resolve the sediment distribution in the measurement horizon and provides an integrative result for each measurement position. In addition, if a mixture of silt, clay, and sand is supplied to the experiment, the gamma-ray attenuation system will produce a bulk result of all the infiltrated materials. To conclude, despite the limitations mentioned above, the gamma-ray attenuation method offers a unique opportunity for the non-intrusive and undisturbed measurements of the sediment infiltration or the special case of colmation, with a high spatio-temporal resolution. This method has the potential to quantify the investigated processes on a millimetric spatial scale, if the measurement time is not a constraint, or vice versa, in a high temporal resolution (seconds) for a specific position, if spatial scale is not important. Moreover, the gamma-ray attenuation approach can simultaneously measure the longitudinal distribution of the sedimentological processes, if multiple instruments or a single device with several radiation-emitting-holes is in operation. Last, but not least, rather than the spheres, artificial gravel beds could be made of any substance with a composition significantly different from the infiltrating sediments, and the boundary conditions of the experiments can be improved in order to attain conditions close to nature. Finally, the gamma-ray attenuation method can be integrated with advanced flow measurement instruments such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and other high-resolution endoscopic devices to track the behavior of fine sediment infiltration and its clogging process in the porous gravel beds as it occurs in nature.Item Open Access Introduction to air-water flows(1991) Kobus, HelmutFor many hydraulic structures, safe operation can only be achieved if not only the characteristics of the water flow are considered, but due attention is also given to the simultaneous movement of air in the system. Although the difference in specific weight of air and water is so large that they are usually well separated by a sharp interface, a number of flow configurations lead to an intensive mixing across this surface. This process is called air entrainment. Consideration of the effects of entrained air upon water flow may be essential to provide for the safe operation of a hydraulic structure.Item Open Access Simulation of cracking and failure of concrete structures(1990) Cervenka, Vladimir; Eligehausen, RolfThe computer simulation of the cracking process in concrete structures is performed by means of the program system SBETA. The program is based on nonlinear hypo-elastic constitutive model, which covers all important, experimentally derived material properties, namely, cracking, nonlinear stress-strain law in compression, softenning in compression and tension, biaxial failure function, etc. The nonlinear fracture mechanics is included by means of the fictitious crack model and smeared crack approach. Two examples of computer simulation of concrete fracture are shown. In the first example, the failure mode of a pull-out test is presented. In the second example, the process of the crack development and shear failure of a reinforced concrete beam is simulated.Item Open Access Warmbeton : Mischungsentwicklung mit verbesserter Übertragbarkeit in den Realmaßstab(2019) Schließer, Agnes; Garrecht, Harald (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Warmbeton vereint tragende und wärmedämmende Eigenschaften in einem Baustoff. Damit ist die monolithische Ausführung von Außenwänden und der Verzicht auf eine zusätzliche Wärmedämmschicht möglich. Die Entwicklung und Verbesserung solcher Baustoffe wird von der klimaschutzpolitischen Forderung nach einem annähernd klimaneutralen Gebäudebestand in Deutschland gefördert. Findet die Entwicklung neuer Betone ausschließlich im Labor statt, sind unter den dort herrschenden optimalen Bedingungen sehr gute Betoneigenschaften einstellbar. Für eine erfolgreiche Übertragung in den Realmaßstab ist bereits von Beginn der Mischungsentwicklung an auf ein robustes Frischbetonverhalten zu achten, das über die Betrachtung der Packungsdichte abzuschätzen ist. Wird ebenfalls frühzeitig der von Mischerbautyp und -größe abhängige Energieeintrag in die Mischung betrachtet, ist die Übertragung vom Labor- auf den Produktionsmischer bei nahezu gleichbleibender Betongüte möglich. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser Einflussgrößen gelang die Reduzierung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit eines Warmbetons auf einen Bemessungswert von lediglich 0,125 W/(m·K). In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Mischungsentwicklung und Betoneigenschaften zusammengefasst.Item Open Access Guidelines for a finite element based design of timber structures and their exemplary application on modelling of beech LVL(2023) Töpler, Janusch; Buchholz, Lea; Lukas, Julian; Kuhlmann, UlrikeDesign verifications of buildings are usually carried out supported by a finite element analysis (FEA), for which, however, there are only a few and almost exclusively non-binding application rules. Within the Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC) at the University of Stuttgart, Guidelines for a Finite Element-Based Design of Timber Structures have been developed. The scope of the guidelines is daily engineering practice, expert engineering applications and product development and certification. Essential parts of the guidelines are design procedures, modelling (including geometrical, material and imperfection modelling), analysis, model verification and validation and design. The content and application of the guidelines are described and illustrated in this paper using two benchmarks. These two benchmarks, which are based on experimental investigations, deal with the elastic material modelling of glulam made of beech laminated veneer lumber (beech LVL) and dowel-type connections for beech LVL members. The experimental basis of the benchmarks is described. With the experiments for the benchmarks, all Poisson’s ratios and the complete elastic material stiffness matrix of beech LVL are determined by means of an optical measuring system. The experimentally determined stiffnesses of the investigated dowel-type connections in beech LVL are compared with normative values. Based on the experiments, a numerical model is developed in RFEM (Dlubal).Item Open Access Application of a non-parametric classification scheme to catchment hydrology(2008) He, Yi; Bárdossy, András (Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dr.-Ing. habil.)Classification has been considered a fundamental step towards improved catchment hydrology science. Catchments classification has been traditionally carried out via Linnaeus-type cluster analysis, mainly represented by hierarchical approaches and methods based on partitioning of hydrological data set. This paper proposes a new scheme where the classification procedure is based on similarity interpreted as distances between catchments. The similarity or distance is defined under the following premises: 1. similar catchments behave similarly; 2. similarity can be described with catchments' characteristics; and 3. hydrological models are able to capture catchments' similarity. If many sets of model parameters lead to similar model performance for two catchments, they are considered as similar catchments. To implement the proposed scheme, two procedures, namely multidimensional scaling (MDS) and local variance reduction (LVR), are undertaken to construct a configuration of n catchments' characteristics in Euclidean space using information about similar performance between the catchments. The MDS is used to determine the appropriate dimension of the Euclidean space and the LVR is used to obtain the transformation matrix and the coordinates in the transformed Euclidean space. This scheme avoids the idea of parametric regression-based regionalization approaches where a regression function is pre-defined between model parameters and catchment descriptors. In the aforementioned approach, the function that is selected is usually subjective and arbitrary and one can also argue that a priori function is neither able to represent the highly complex hydrological processes nor consider the interdependences amongst model parameters. The proposed scheme is initially tested with a research version of the HBV-IWS model on a number of catchments within the Rhine Basin. Additionally a modified Xinanjiang model is applied to the same catchments to check if the assumption of invariant catchment similarity holds true. Invariant catchment similarity here assumes the catchments genuinely carry their similarities independent of the model used for simulation. This test is also a backstop measure to determine if the models under consideration are capturing the underlying simplified hydrological processes in a rational manner. The scheme will be extended to regional calibration of rainfall runoff models as well as regional drought or flood studies once similarity within catchments has been established. The proposed scheme will eventually contribute to the PUB (Predictions in Ungauged Basins) initiative.Item Open Access Einfluss des Tragverhaltens von Dübelbefestigungen auf die Bauwerk-Komponenten-Wechselwirkungen bei Erdbebenbeanspruchung(2019) Dwenger, Fabian; Garrecht, Harald (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Befestigungen mit nachträglich montierten Dübeln haben sich im Hochbau in den letzten Jahrzehnten als flexibel einsetzbare Verbindungsmethode zwischen Komponenten und Stahlbetontragwerken bewährt. Auch im kerntechnischen Bereich wurden nachträglich montierte Dübel zur Befestigung z. B. von Rohrleitungen an Stahlbetonstrukturen eingesetzt. Aufgrund der hohen sicherheitstechnischen Bedeutung von Integrität und Funktionsfähigkeit kerntechnischer Komponenten werden an deren lastabtragende Befestigungen ebenfalls hohe Anforderungen gestellt. Dies gilt insbesondere für außergewöhnliche Einwirkungen z. B. im Falle eines Erdbebens. Durch die Erdbebenerregung des Reaktorgebäudes und der daran befestigten Komponenten sind auch die Befestigungen schwingenden Belastungen ausgesetzt. Kommt es infolge der Erdbebeneinwirkung auf das Tragwerk zu Rissbildung im Beton, können Risse im Verankerungsgrund auch zu einer signifikanten Anzahl von Rissöffnungszyklen führen, die das Last-Verschiebungsverhalten der Dübel beeinflussen. Die detaillierte Untersuchung des Tragverhaltens von Dübelbefestigungen bei schwingender Belastung und bei Öffnen und Schließen von Rissen war in den letzten Jahren Gegenstand zahlreicher Forschungsvorhaben auch in Deutschland, nachdem in deutschen Kernkraftwerken fehlerhaft montierte Dübel festgestellt wurden und dadurch Sicherheitsbedenken hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen auf Komponenten entstanden. Die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Untersuchungen leisten insbesondere zur numerischen Untersuchung des Tragverhaltens des Gesamtsystems Bauwerk-Befestigung-Rohrleitung bei Erdbebeneinwirkung einen Beitrag. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, anhand realitätsnah gewählter numerischer Modelle den Einfluss des lokalen Befestigungstragverhaltens auf das strukturdynamische und –mechanische Verhalten des Gesamtsystems Bauwerk-Befestigung-Rohrleitung bei Erdbebeneinwirkung zu untersuchen. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst nach Darlegung der Problemstellung (Kapitel 1), Vorgehensweise und Zielsetzung (Kapitel 2) die notwendigen Grundlagen der relevanten Themengebiete im Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik (Kapitel 3) erarbeitet. Für die Entwicklung eines numerischen Modells des Tragverhaltens einer Befestigung werden zunächst vereinfachte (Rechen-)Modelle und Modellansätze, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, erläutert (Kapitel 4). Anhand dieser analytischen Rechenmodelle wird eine erste Abschätzung der zu erwartenden Dübelverschiebungen infolge Erdbebeneinwirkung durchgeführt. Anschließend wird entsprechend der Regeln des Kerntechnischen Ausschusses (KTA) eine Erdbebensimulation jeweils für ein Reaktorgebäude und für eine Rohrleitungskomponente durchgeführt (Kapitel 5). Um eine numerische Analyse des Gesamtsystems Bauwerk-Befestigung-Rohrleitung bei Erdbebeneinwirkung zu ermöglichen, wird ein numerisches Modell für eine Befestigung mit nachträglich montierten Dübeln auf Basis der zuvor dargestellten vereinfachten Rechenmodelle entwickelt (Kapitel 6). Darüber hinaus werden zulässige Modellvereinfachungen vorgenommen, um den Modellierungs- und Simulationsaufwand bei den Erdbebensimulationen zu reduzieren. Das numerische Modell für die Befestigung wird anschließend bei der numerischen Analyse des Gesamtsystems Bauwerk-Befestigung-Rohrleitung bei Erdbebeneinwirkung verwendet (Kapitel 7). Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit diskutiert (Kapitel 8) und zusammengefasst (Kapitel 9) und ein Ausblick auf weitere Untersuchungen gegeben, die an diese Arbeit anknüpfen können (Kapitel 10).Item Open Access Befestigungen mit Verbundankern. [Teil 1](1984) Eligehausen, Rolf; Mallée, Rainer; Rehm, GallusSeit 1975 wurden Verbundankersysteme verschiedener Firmen bauaufsichtlich zugelassen, wobei die Systeme hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung des Mörtels praktisch identisch sind. Diese Zulassungsbescheide regelten die Verwendung von Einzelankern sowie Ankerpaaren mit Ankern in der aus Lastspannungen erzeugten Druckzone von Beton- und Stahlbetonbauteilen. Die Anwendungsbedingungen wurden u. a. aus den beschriebenen Versuchen abgeleitet und sind ausführlich erläutert. Weitere wichtige Informationen über das Tragverhalten von Verbundankern mit großen Rand- und Achsabständen unter Kurzzeit-, Dauer- und Ermüdungsbelastung sowie bei unterschiedlichen klimatischen Bedingungen (Trocken- oder Naßlagerung) und bei erhöhten Temperaturen sind zu entnehmen. Zwischenzeitlich wurden wesentliche neue Erkenntnisse über das Tragverhalten von Verbundankern bei engen Rand- und Achsabständen sowie von Verankerungen in Rissen gewonnen, die bei der Neufassung der Zulassung berücksichtigt wurden. Diese Neufassung enthält auch wesentliche Vereinfachungen für die Bemessung von Befestigungen mit Verbundankern. In diesem Beitrag wird das Tragverhalten von Verbundankern unter Kurzzeitbelastung beschrieben und es wird auf Langzeiteinflüsse eingegangen. Weiterhin werden die in den Neuzulassungen festgelegten Anwendungsbedingungen erläutert.