02 Fakultät Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/3

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Open Access
Formulation and application of a quasi-static material point method
(2012) Beuth, Lars; Vermeer, Pieter A. (Prof. Dr.-Ing. )
This thesis is concerned with the analysis of quasi-static large deformation problems such as the jacking of piles where inertia and damping effects can be neglected, as opposed to dynamic problems such as pile driving. To this end, a novel type of Material Point Method (MPM) that is specifically adapted to the analysis of quasi-static large deformation problems is developed. The quasi-static MPM can be considered as an extension of the classical Updated Lagrangian Finite Element Method (UL-FEM). As with the UL-FEM, a solid body is discretised by finite elements, but in addition, the solid body is discretised by a cloud of material points which moves through the mesh in the course of a computation. The movement of material points represents the arbitrary large deformations of the solid body. The FE grid is used as with the UL-FEM to compute incremental displacements and strain increments at the locations of material points. In contrast to the UL-FEM, the mesh can be reset into its original state or changed arbitrarily if accumulated distortions of the FE grid cause numerical inaccuracies. Material and state parameters of the solid body as well as applied loads are stored in material points. In contrast to most existing implementations of the MPM, the developed quasi-static variant makes use of implicit rather than explicit time integration, which allows for a considerable reduction of the computation time in case of quasi-static problems. The development of the quasi-static MPM and its validation for simple benchmark problems is the first aim of this thesis. This includes the modelling of soil-structure interaction within the developed method, a feature that is essential to many geotechnical analyses. Here, the novel approach of extending interface elements commonly used in small-strain Finite Element analyses for use with the Material Point Method has been taken. The application of the quasi-static MPM to the simulation of cone penetration testing (CPT) forms the second aim. This widely-used in-situ test consists of pushing a steel rod with a measuring device attached to its tip into the ground with constant velocity. Numerical analyses of cone penetration testing improve the understanding of involved mechanical processes and allow to refine existing or establish new correlations between CPT measurements and soil properties. In the frame of this thesis, cone penetration testing in undrained soft clay is considered with the aim of investigating the relation between the tip resistance and the undrained shear strength of clay. Here, a new soil model that takes into consideration the anisotropic strength of clay has been applied. Thereby, the undrained shear strength of clay and thus measurements of tip resistance are reproduced with a significantly higher accuracy than with previously performed numerical analyses reported so far in literature.
Open Access
Formulation of a dynamic material point method (MPM) for geomechanical problems
(2013) Kafaji, Issam K. J. al-; Vermeer, Pieter (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)
In geomechanics one often encounters large deformations, soil-structure interaction and dynamical problems, e.g., in pile driving and installation of anchors. Moreover, geomechanical phenomena that include excessive movement of soil masses like landslides can pose a danger to human life and property. The numerical simulation of the physics is challenging, particularly if a saturated soil is subjected to dynamic loading, leading to propagation of different waves in the soil. Because of the reliance of Lagrangian finite element methods (FEM) on a mesh, they are not well suited for the treatment of extremely large deformations of solids. The need for overcoming this limitation urged researchers throughout the last decades to devote considerable effort to the development of more advanced computational techniques. Such techniques include the combination of Lagrangian and Eulerian finite element methods, meshless methods and mesh-based particle methods. The intent of this thesis is to further develop and extend the material point method (MPM), which is a mesh-based particle method, for use in geomechanics. MPM can be conceived as an extension of FEM, in which soil and structural bodies are represented by Lagrangian particles that move through an Eulerian fixed mesh. The physical properties of the continuum reside with particles throughout the computations (deformations), whereas the Eulerian mesh and its Gauss points carry no permanent information. Hence, MPM combines the best aspects of both Lagrangian and Eulerian formulations and avoids as much as possible the shortcomings of them. Three novel MPM development are described in this thesis. In the analysis of geomechanical problems that involve dynamics, absorbing boundaries are introduced to prevent the reflection ofwaves at the selected boundary of the domain. The well-known viscous boundaries, which will continuously creep under load, are modified to viscoelastic boundaries by introducing Kelvin-Voigt elements to limit such non-physical displacements. The novel extension of MPM to model the behavior of saturated soils under dynamic loading is formulated. Enhancement of volumetric strains is adopted to mitigate the spurious pressure oscillations which plague low-order finite element implementations. The algorithm is applied to predict the generation and dissipation of pore pressures in a sea dike under heavy dynamic loading by wave attack. Numerical simulation of pile driving is investigated. Results of shallow and deep penetration are presented. Due to the complex behavior of sand in pile driving, a highly non-linear advanced hypoplastic model is to be used for sand. Explicit Euler forward scheme with sub-stepping technique is used in the integration of this model. MPM is applied to analyze different geomechanical problems, including the collapse of a tunnel face, the instability of a slope and the deep installation of a dynamic anchor. The dynamic MPM can be applied to quasi-static problems. To this end, a local damping procedure for single and two-phase materials is discussed, being applied to reach fast convergence to quasi-static equilibrium. Such convergence is detected by two proposed criteria on force and energy. Mass scaling is presented as a procedure that allows the use of large time step size for problems, in which inertia effect can be disregarded.
Open Access
Full-scale trial embankment and numerical analysis of mortar column inclusion and high-strength geotextile-reinforced load transfer platform on peat
(2024) Himawan, Agus; Sahadewa, Andhika; Irsyam, Masyhur; Mikhail, Reguel; Suhendra, Idwan; Rifai, Muchamad; Beckhaus, Karsten; Widodo, Yasin; Moormann, Christian; Schweiger, Helmut F.; Hakim, Abi Maulana; Nawir, Hasbullah; Aldiamar, Fahmi
Pile-supported embankments have been recognized as long-standing solutions for construction in compressible soft soils. Instead of improving the physical and mechanical properties of the soft soil, this method emphasizes efforts to transfer the embankment load to a competent layer below the compressible layer. Mortar column inclusion (inklusi kolom mortar or IKM) is recognized as one of the rigid inclusions in a pile-supported embankment. The IKM combined with a load transfer platform (LTP) has been widely utilized to support embankments. Studies on pile-supported embankments have generally focused on the arching mechanisms and geotextile tensile force evaluations; however, most of these investigations were conducted on soft cohesive soils. The application of pile-supported embankment on peat has rarely been studied comprehensively. This study presents a full-scale trial embankment on peat in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The 8-m-high trial embankment was supported by a series of IKM piles and a geotextile-reinforced LTP layer; instruments were then installed in the embankment, ground, LTP, geotextile, and IKM. These instruments included a series of vibrating wire earth pressure cells, vibrating wire strain gages, fiber optic sensors, vibrating wire piezometers, settlement profilers, settlement plates, and inclinometers. The instruments provided observations on the ground movements, IKM displacements, and stresses in the materials. Comprehensive evaluations from field monitoring allowed study of load transfer via the arching mechanism, deformation pattern, and IKM performance in peat. Finite element analyses (FEAs) were also conducted for comparison and verification. The field monitoring results and FEAs showed good agreement, thereby demonstrating the potential of the proposed ground improvement method for embankment construction on peat.
Open Access
Die Geotechnik des Dammbaus
(1996) Vermeer, Pieter A.; Salden, Dieter
Im Zusammenhang mit der Erstellung von Ingenieurbauwerken ergibt sich fast immer die Notwendigkeit, die Form der natürlichen Erdoberfläche umzugestalten. So werden Jahr für Jahr Milliarden und aber Milliarden Kubikmeter Erde bewegt. Die unter kontrollierten Bedingungen aus geeigneten Boden- und Steinmaterialien hergestellten Aufschüttungen werden Dämme genannt. Zu den Dämmen zählen Verkehrsdämme, Staudämme, Flußdeiche und Seedeiche. Die Beschäftigung mit dem Entwurf und der Ausführung dieser Bauwerke ist das Arbeitsgebiet des Bauingenieurwesens, insbesondere der Geotechnik, die sich mit Boden und Fels als Baugrund und Baustoff befaßt. Ein Planungsgrundsatz im Verkehrswegebau ist der Massenausgleich zwischen Materialentnahme in Tunneln/Einschnitten und Aufschüttungen in Dämmen. Dieser Grundsatz ist auch in dem seit 1. September 1991 in Baden-Württemberg geltenden Bodenschutzgesetz festgeschrieben. Allein in Baden-Württemberg fallen jährlich mehr als zehn Millionen Kubikmeter Erdaushub an. Ein Großteil dieser Massen werden zum Bau von Dämmen im Verkehrswegebau für Straßen, Eisenbahn und Kanäle wiederverwendet. Während Dämme im Verkehrswegebau selten höher als etwa 40 Meter ausgeführt werden, gibt es beim Dammbau in Verbindung mit Wasserwirtschaft und Hochwasserschutz Bauwerkshöhen von über 300 Meter. Das hinter den Staudämmen gespeicherte Wasser stellt hinsichtlich Sicherheitsaspekten und Gefahrenpotential wesentlich höhere Anforderungen an Entwurf und Ausführung der Dammbauwerke, als dies bei Dämmen im Verkehrswegebau der Fall ist. Für die unmittelbar unterhalb einer Talsperre lebenden Menschen ist es ein eigenartiges Gefühl zu wissen, daß direkt über ihnen eine bewegliche Wassermasse von oft Millionen Kubikmetern nur durch ein von Menschen geschaffenes Bauwerk vom Abfließen ins Tal abgehalten wird.
Open Access
Influence of weathering on pore size distribution of soft rocks
(2022) Knopp, Julia; Steger, Hagen; Moormann, Christian; Blum, Philipp
Soft rocks can weather and lose their structure within a short time due to drying out and rewetting. Thus they are very sensitive to weathering. Since these rocks are often found in the shallow subsurface, they are of great practical relevance in the foundation of constructions. The rock properties change during the weathering process. Particularly relevant is the softening of the material and the decrease of its mechanical properties, which are determined typically using mechanical laboratory or field tests. The objective of this study is to examine in more detail how the microstructure of rocks changes over the course of weathering, which results in a decrease in mechanical properties. Sulfate rocks of the Grabfeld-Formation in Stuttgart, Germany were investigated. Using XRD analyses it was revealed that initially a chemical weathering processes occurs whereby the rocks leach out, followed by a physical weathering process. Investigations with a mercury porosimeter showed that during chemical weathering the intraaggregate pore content greatly increases, whereas the proportion of interaggregate pores only slightly increases.
Open Access
Introducing tree-based-regression models for prediction of hard rock TBM performance with consideration of rock type
(2022) Salimi, Alireza; Rostami, Jamal; Moormann, Christian; Hassanpour, Jafar
Prediction of machine performance is a fundamental step for planning, cost estimation/control and selection of the machine type when using a tunnel boring machine (TBM). Penetration rate (PR) and machine utilization (U) are the two principal measures of TBM performance for evaluating the feasibility of using a machine in a given ground condition. However, despite the widespread use of TBMs and established track records, accurate estimation of machine performance could still be a challenge, particularly in complex geological conditions. Since different types of rocks have varied texture (cementation and grain size), and respond differently to cutting forces in the TBM tunnelling, incorporating the effects of rock type in performance prediction models can improve the accuracy of the estimates. The aim of this study was to develop models for predicting penetration rate of hard rock TBMs in different types of rock based on field penetration index (FPI), using multivariable regression analysis and machine learning algorithm, including classification and regression tree (CART). The proposed models offer estimated FPIs in different rock types, rock strength, and rock mass properties in the form of graphs (diagrams), which can be used to estimate TBM penetration rate. The proposed models have been developed based on the analysis of a comprehensive database of TBM performance in various rock types and offers more accurate estimates of machine performance by incorporating many of the key parameters available in typical geotechnical reports and contract documents. The models also exhibit sensitivity to rock mass parameters for predicting the penetration rate.
Open Access
Messungen an Schleusen in der UdSSR : Schleusennorm der UdSSR (SN 303-65)
(1976) Smoltczyk, Ulrich; Pertschi, Ottmar; Hilmer, Klaus
Inhalt: - Smoltczyk, U.; Hilmer, K.: Vorwort - Carev, A. I.; Fel'dman, A. I.: Druck sandiger Hinterfüllungen auf die Wände der Kammern von Schiffahrtsschleusen - Sinjavskaja, V. M.; Pavlova, A. E.: Ergebnisse der Baustellenuntersuchungen über das Verhalten der Kammerwand der Wolgograder Schleuse - Michajlov, A. V.; Avdeeva, V. I.: Einige Untersuchungsergebnisse zum statischen Verhalten der Kammern von Schiffahrtsschleusen - Nefedova, G. N.; Kotenkov, Ju. K.: Baustellenuntersuchungen zum statischen Verhalten einer Schiffahrtsschleuse - Richtlinien zur Planung von Schiffsschleusen (SN 303-65 - Auszüge: Allgemeine Richtlinien für die Konstruktion und Berechnung von Schleusen - Die Schleusenkammern - Kontroll- und Meßgeräte an Schiffsschleusen)
Open Access
Sustainable heating and cooling management of urban quarters
(2022) Kugler, Till; Schittenhelm, Corinna; Volkmer, Stephan; Ryba, Meinhard; Moormann, Christian; Kurth, Detlef; Koenigsdorff, Roland
An important component for a renewable and sustainable heat energy supply is the consideration of urban quarters. For this purpose, the locally available energy sources, a local energy generation system, and the energy distribution in urban quarters should be considered. In the IWAES project presented here, a bidirectional low-temperature heat network was developed, thus it falls into the category of fifth-generation heat networks. It also makes use of existing urban water management infrastructure. The innovative concept is based on the approach of modifying sewers so that they can transport thermal energy between users in the same quarter and extract thermal energy from wastewater. The overall goal is to generate thermal energy and balance the different thermal needs. This is particularly useful in mixed-use quarters, as the peak loads of different uses occur at different times. The supply concept also envisages integrating other thermal energy sources available in the quarter as well as storage options into the supply concept. As a framework for the technical aspects, a precise urban planning concept is needed that provides the legal framework for land use and urban development and coordinates and implements the developed concept - through so-called energy master planning. A life cycle assessment shows the ecological impact of the developed concept compared to a conventional energy solution. It also shows the savings potential of the developed concept compared to an urban quarter supplied conventionally with heating and de-centrally with cooling. The assessment outlines the dual use of the pre-existing infrastructure, such as the wastewater system, significantly reduces CO2 equivalents. Another result is that the sustainability of the system depends significantly on the used mix of electric sources.