02 Fakultät Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/3
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Item Open Access Introduction to air-water flows(1991) Kobus, HelmutFor many hydraulic structures, safe operation can only be achieved if not only the characteristics of the water flow are considered, but due attention is also given to the simultaneous movement of air in the system. Although the difference in specific weight of air and water is so large that they are usually well separated by a sharp interface, a number of flow configurations lead to an intensive mixing across this surface. This process is called air entrainment. Consideration of the effects of entrained air upon water flow may be essential to provide for the safe operation of a hydraulic structure.Item Open Access An example of a combined discharge-control and aeration structure(1983) Kobus, Helmut; Westrich, BernhardThe design of a hydraulic structure in a cooling water circuit is described which serves the dual purpose of controlling the water levels in the system upstream and of providing a maximum oxygen uptake without discharging large amounts of air into the subsequent pressure duct in order to avoid blow-out problems.Item Open Access Numerische Modellierung des großräumigen Wärme- und Schadstofftransports im Grundwasser : Forschungsprogramm und Bedeutung für die Praxis(1992) Kobus, HelmutDie Planung wasserwirtschaftlicher Maßnahmen zum Grundwasserschutz setzt Kenntnisse über Ausbreitungs- und Transportvorgänge im Untergrund voraus. Eine interdisziplinäre Forschergruppe hat sich deshalb das Ziel gesetzt, Berechnungsgrundlagen für den Transport von Wärme und Inhaltsstoffen in Grundwasserleitern zu erarbeiten und diese an Fallbeispielen für die Anwendungsbereiche Wärme, leichtflüchtige chlorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe und Nitrat zu erproben. Die Forschungsarbeiten wurden in sechs Teilprojekten an den Universitäten Stuttgart, Hohenheim und Karlsruhe durchgeführt und durch drei stoffbezogene Fallstudien ergänzt. Primäres Ziel war die Entwicklung und Erprobung anwendungsorientierter numerischer Modelle für Strömungs- und Transportvorgänge im natürlichen Untergrund, welche mit der Art der verfügbaren Naturdaten kompatibel sind. Die Modellarbeiten wurden durch entsprechende Entwicklungen der Meß- und Erkundungstechnik ergänzt. Die Erkenntnisse aus den Forschungsarbeiten liefern Aussagen zur Einsatzfähigkeit von Transportmodellen im Grundwasserschutz und beleuchten deren Rolle als Entscheidungshilfe in der wasserwirtschaftlichen Planung, bei der Beurteilung von Grundwasserverunreinigungen und bei der Erstellung von Sanierungs- und Bewirtschaftungskonzepten.Item Open Access Quantitative evaluation of clogging phenomena in river beds(1982) Geldner, Peter; Kobus, HelmutClogging phenomena in rivers are of extremely complex nature, and a development of a clogging layer depends on a large variety of influences. In this paper a quantitative approach for the evaluation of a defined hydrodynamic clogging parameter is presented. This approach is based on the inverse use of type curves representing characteristics of the interaction between surface water bodies and the aquifer. The method is applied to field data of discharge measured in seepage ditches at levee protected sites. Since conventional approaches are limited to the assumption of quasi-steady-state flow, a stochastic method for the evaluation of time-variable hydrographs is also outlined.Item Open Access Optimal design of experiments to improve the characterisation of atrazine degradation pathways in soil(2021) Chavez Rodriguez, Luciana; González‐Nicolás, Ana; Ingalls, Brian; Streck, Thilo; Nowak, Wolfgang; Xiao, Sinan; Pagel, HolgerContamination of soils with pesticides and their metabolites is a global environmental threat. Deciphering the complex process chains involved in pesticide degradation is a prerequisite for finding effective solution strategies. This study applies prospective optimal design (OD) of experiments to identify laboratory sampling strategies that allow model‐based discrimination of atrazine (AT) degradation pathways. We simulated virtual AT degradation experiments with a first‐order model that reflects a simple reaction chain of complete AT degradation. We added a set of Monod‐based model variants that consider more complex AT degradation pathways. Then, we applied an extended constraint‐based parameter search algorithm that produces Monte‐Carlo ensembles of realistic model outputs, in line with published experimental data. Differences between‐model ensembles were quantified with Bayesian model analysis using an energy distance metric. AT degradation pathways following first‐order reaction chains could be clearly distinguished from those predicted with Monod‐based models. As expected, including measurements of specific bacterial guilds improved model discrimination further. However, experimental designs considering measurements of AT metabolites were most informative, highlighting that environmental fate studies should prioritise measuring metabolites for elucidating active AT degradation pathways in soils. Our results suggest that applying model‐based prospective OD will maximise knowledge gains on soil systems from laboratory and field experiments.Item Open Access Hydrologische und hydraulische Entwurfsgrundlagen und Bemessungsrichtlinien : Vorwort zum Sonderheft(1988) Kobus, HelmutAm 21. Juli 1987 fand an der Universität Stuttgart eine Vortragsveranstaltung statt, die sich mit den hydrologischen und hydraulischen Aspekten der Sicherheit von Stauanlagen befaßte. Das Sonderheft der WASSERWIRTSCHAFT enthält die Beiträge dieser Veranstaltung, welche vom Ministerium für Umwelt Baden-Württemberg gemeinsam mit dem Institut für Wasserbau der Universität Stuttgart ausgerichtet und vom Lehrstuhl für Technische Hydromechanik und Wasserbauliches Versuchswesen organisatorisch betreut wurde.Item Open Access Berechnungsgrundlagen für Wärmeausbreitung und -transport im Grundwasser(1983) Kobus, HelmutEs wird ein Überblick über die Berechnungsgrundlagen zur Erfassung von Wärmeausbreitungsvorgängen im Untergrund gegeben. Für anthropogene Wärmeeinleitungen werden die wesentlichen Einflußgrößen identifiziert. Die für die Ausbildung einer Temperaturanomalie maßgeblichen Transportmechanismen werden beschrieben. Anhand der Beschreibungsgleichungen für die Grundwasserströmung und den Wärmetransport wird deutlich, daß es sich hierbei um gekoppelte Prozesse handelt, deren simultane Lösung von komplexer Natur ist. Mit der Zielsetzung, praktikable Ingenieurlösungen zu erarbeiten, wird deshalb eine konzeptionelle Gliederung in einen Nahbereich, in dem Auftriebseffekte dominieren, einen Zwischenbereich mit Temperaturschichtungen und einen Fernbereich vorgenommen. Es werden Forschungsergebnisse von Untersuchungen im Nahfeld vorgestellt, die eine Eingrenzung der Auftriebseffekte ermöglichen. Für die Behandlung der großräumigen Temperaturausbreitung wird das Verweilzeitenkonzept herangezogen, mit dessen Hilfe die Temperaturanomalie näherungsweise berechnet werden kann, sofern die vertikalen Wärmeaustauschvorgänge mit der Atmosphäre hinreichend genau erfaßt werden können. Für einzelne Einleitungen lassen sich Näherungslösungen für Planungszwecke angeben. Erstrebenswertes Ziel ist es, regionale Wärmebilanzmodelle für Grundwasserleiter zu erstellen, die als Planungshilfe bei der Bewirtschaftung der Grundwasservorräte unter Berücksichtigung der vorrangigen Belange der Trinkwasserversorgung eingesetzt werden können.Item Open Access Zur Problematik der Erfassung des künstlichen Sauerstoffeintrags(1980) Kobus, HelmutDie starke Schmutzstoff- und Wärmebelastung der Fließgewässer in dicht besiedelten und hochindustrialisierten Ländern führt häufig zu erheblichen Störungen im Sauerstoffhaushalt. Es ist daher notwendig, Maßnahmen zur Erhaltung zufriedenstellender Sauerstoffverhältnisse in Oberflächengewässern zu ergreifen. Hierfür kommt in erster Linie eine Verminderung der eingeleiteten Schmutzstoffe durch Abwasserreinigungsmaßnahmen in Frage: allerdings läßt sich eine bestimmte Restbelastung mit wirtschaftlich vertretbarem Aufwand nie ganz vermeiden. In solchen Fällen haben sich Maßnahmen zur künstlichen Sauerstoffanreicherung als sehr nützlich erwiesen. Bei der Erforschung des künstlichen Sauerstoffeintrags sind Laborversuche und Naturmessungen gleichermaßen unerläßlich. Der Ausschuß "Wasserbauliches Versuchs- und Meßwesen" hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, die Fachleute auf dem Gebiet des Wasserbaulichen Versuchswesens einerseits und des Naturmeßwesens andererseits zusammenzuführen und die einschlägigen neueren Ergebnisse vorzustellen.Item Open Access Large-scale high head pico hydropower potential assessment(Stuttgart : Eigenverlag des Instituts für Wasser- und Umweltsystemmodellierung der Universität Stuttgart, 2018) Schröder, Hans Christoph; Wieprecht, Silke (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Due to a lack of site-related information, Pico hydropower (PHP) has hardly been a projectable resource so far. This is particularly true for large area PHP potential information that could open a perspective to increase the size of development projects by aggregating individual PHP installations. The present work is extending the capabilities of GIS based hydropower potential assessment into the PHP domain through a GIS based PHP potential assessment procedure that facilitates the discrimination of areas without high head PHP potential against areas with PHP potential and against areas with so called “favorable PHP potential”. The basic unit of the spatial output is determined by the underlying PHP potential definition of this work: a standardized PHP installation and the required hydraulic source, together called standard unit, are located on an area of one square kilometer. The gradation of the output is a consequence of the verification techniques. Several large area PHP potential field assessment methods, based on contemplative analysis techniques, are developed in this work. Field assessments were conducted in Yunnan Province/China, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Sri Lanka. The aim for all field assessments is to get a comprehensive view on the PHP potential distribution of the entire country/province. Application of the GIS based PHP potential assessment procedure is aimed at the global tropical and subtropical regions.Item Open Access Porosity and permeability alterations in processes of biomineralization in porous media - microfluidic investigations and their interpretation(Stuttgart : Eigenverlag des Instituts für Wasser- und Umweltsystemmodellierung der Universität Stuttgart, 2022) Weinhardt, Felix; Class, Holger (apl. Prof. Dr.-Ing)Motivation: Biomineralization refers to microbially induced processes resulting in mineral formations. In addition to complex biomineral structures frequently formed by marine organisms, like corals or mussels, microbial activities may also indirectly induce mineralization. A famous example is the formation of stromatolites, which result from biofilm activities that locally alter the chemical and physical properties of the environment in favor of carbonate precipitation. Recently, biomineralization gained attention as an engineering application. Especially with the background of global warming and the objective to reduce CO2 emissions, biomineralization offers an innovative and sustainable alternative to the usage of conventional Portland cement, whose production currently contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions. The most widely used method of biomineralization in engineering applications, is ureolytic calcium carbonate precipitation, which relies on the hydrolysis of urea and the subsequent precipitation of calcium carbonate. The hydrolysis of urea at moderate temperatures is relatively slow and therefore needs to be catalyzed by the enzyme urease to be practical for applications. Urease can be extracted from plants, for example from ground jack beans, and the process is consequently referred to as enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (ECIP). Another method is microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), which uses ureolytic bacteria that produce the enzyme in situ. EICP and MICP applications allow for producing various construction materials, stabilizing soils, or creating hydraulic barriers in the subsurface. The latter can be used, for example, to remediate leakages at the top layer of gas storage reservoirs, or to contain contaminant plumes in aquifers. Especially when remediating leakages in the subsurface, the most crucial parameter to be controlled is its intrinsic permeability. A valuable tool for predicting and planning field applications is the use of numerical simulation at the scale of representative elementary volumes (REV). For that, the considered domain is subdivided into several REV’s, which do not resolve the pore space in detail, but represent it by averaged parameters, such as the porosity and permeability. The porosity describes the ratio of the pore space to the considered bulk volume, and the permeability quantifies the ease of fluid flow through a porous medium. A change in porosity generally also affects permeability. Therefore, for REV-scale simulations, constitutive relationships are utilized to describe permeability as a function of porosity. There are several porosity-permeability relationships in the literature, such as the Kozeny-Carman relationship, Verma-Pruess, or simple power-law relationships. These constitutive relationships can describe individual states but usually do not include the underlying processes. Different boundary conditions during biomineralization may influence the course of porosity-permeability relationships. However, these relationships have not yet been adequately addressed. Pore-scale simulations are, in principle, very well suited to investigate pore space changes and their effects on permeability systematically. However, these simulations also rely on simplifications and assumptions. Therefore, it is essential to conduct experimental studies to investigate the complex processes during calcium carbonate precipitation in detail at the pore scale. Recent studies have shown that microfluidic methods are particularly suitable for this purpose. However, previous microfluidic studies have not explicitly addressed the impact of biomineralization on hydraulic effects. Therefore, this work aims to identify relevant phenomena at the pore scale to conclude on the REV-scale parameters, porosity and permeability, and their relationship. Contributions: This work comprises three publications. First, a suitable microfluidic setup and workflow were developed in Weinhardt et al. [2021a] to study pore space changes and the associated hydraulic effects reliably. This paper illustrated the benefits and insights of combining optical microscopy and micro X-ray computed tomography (micro XRCT) with hydraulic measurements in microfluidic chips. The elaborated workflow allowed for quantitative analysis of the evolution of calcium carbonate precipitates in terms of their size, shape, and spatial distribution. At the same time, their influence on differential pressure could be observed as a measure of flow resistance. Consequently, porosity and permeability changes could be determined. Along with this paper, we published two data sets [Weinhardt et al., 2021b, Vahid Dastjerdi et al., 2021] and set the basis for two other publications. In the second publication [von Wolff et al., 2021], the simulation results of a pore-scale numerical model, developed by Lars von Wolff, were compared to the experimental data of the first paper [Weinhardt et al., 2021b]. We observed a good agreement between the experimental data and the model results. The numerical studies complemented the experimental observations in allowing for accurate analysis of crystal growth as a function of local velocity profiles. In particular, we observed that crystal aggregates tend to grow toward the upstream side, where the supply of reaction products is higher than on the downstream side. Crystal growth during biomineralization under continuous inflow is thus strongly dependent on the locally varying velocities in a porous medium. In the third publication [Weinhardt et al., 2022a], we conducted further microfluidic experiments based on the experimental setup and workflow of the first contribution and published another data set [Weinhardt et al., 2022b]. We used microfluidic cells with a different, more realistic pore structure and investigated the influence of different injection strategies. We found that the development of preferential flow paths during EICP application may depend on the given boundary conditions. Constant inflow rates can lead to the development of preferential flow paths and keep them open. Gradually reduced inflow rates can mitigate this effect. In addition, we concluded that the coexistence of multiple calcium carbonate polymorphs and their transformations could influence the temporal evolution of porosity-permeability relationships.