02 Fakultät Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften
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Item Open Access Reconstruction of μXRCT data sets using the ASTRA toolbox(2020) Voland, PaulItem Open Access Automated calibration for numerical models of riverflow(2016) Fernández, BetsaidaCalibration of numerical models is fundamental since the beginning of all types of hydro system modeling, to approximate the parameters that can mimic the overall system behavior. Thus, an assessment of different deterministic and stochastic optimization methods is undertaken to compare their robustness, computational feasibility, and global search capacity. Also, the uncertainty of the most suitable methods is analyzed. These optimization methods minimize the objective function that comprises synthetic measurements and simulated data. Synthetic measurement data replace the observed data set to guarantee an existing parameter solution. The input data for the objective function derivate from a hydro-morphological dynamics numerical model which represents an 180-degree bend channel. The hydro- morphological numerical model shows a high level of ill-posedness in the mathematical problem. The minimization of the objective function by different candidate methods for optimization indicates a failure in some of the gradient-based methods as Newton Conjugated and BFGS. Others reveal partial convergence, such as Nelder-Mead, Polak und Ribieri, L-BFGS-B, Truncated Newton Conjugated, and Trust-Region Newton Conjugated Gradient. Further ones indicate parameter solutions that range outside the physical limits, such as Levenberg-Marquardt and LeastSquareRoot. Moreover, there is a significant computational demand for genetic optimization methods, such as Differential Evolution and Basin-Hopping, as well as for Brute Force methods. The Deterministic Sequential Least Square Programming and the scholastic Bayes Inference theory methods present the optimal optimization results.Item Open Access Green infrastructure planning in developing countries; developing green concept in Kurdistan region-Iraq(2011) Mohamed, SawsanUnder the shadow of ‘Climate Change’ and ‘Global Warming’ effects and within the arising interest to sustainable development, this document presents the long-term framework for sustainable development, protecting the natural and historic environment and adapting cities to climate change through Green Infrastructure Planning (GIP). At the national level, the effect of climate change is overheating, with a more frequent sand storm, and major problem of water sacristy and drought. The Case Study Area is particularly vulnerable to, temperature increase, flooding, and to some extent drought conditions. Policies cover climate change mitigation and adaptation are various, starting from natural resource management, economic development, transportation plan, Green Infrastructure plan up to change of individual behaviour regarding energy consumption. In the course of the thesis framework, Climate Change adaptation is limited to Green Infrastructure application as an integral and important practice of the development process. Green Infrastructure Planning approach is an integration of planning at a different spatial level, so mainly two different special levels define the working environment, namely regional and metropolitan level. Also, Green Infrastructure provides a variety of ecosystem benefits. In the course of this study, the focus is on a certain function related to climatic, engineering and ecological benefits that will be used as the basic principal in developing the Green Infrastructure Plan at both Regional and City scale. The proposed GI Plan for Case Study Region (CSR) is an academic initiative at Regional level to identify and safeguard valued natural and cultural resources. The plan aims to bring together the region’s most important biodiversity areas, historical sites, and natural landscape including natural systems such as streams, Karez, watersheds, scenic landscape, and recreational site and to lesser extent working landscapes. In a dense conurbation like the Case Study City (CSC) where green spaces have to be multi-functional, the green infrastructure refers to the network of all green spaces that provides various benefits to the residents. Therefore the proposed GI Plan for Sulaimaniyah City (CSC) is an academic initiative at the municipal level to identify valued community green space resources. The plan aims to bring together the city most important green space resources with development of a new typology. With the provision of providing better climatic engineering function in and around the existing City, to improve the current climatic condition and as an adaptation strategy for climate change effects. So it is an initiative aiming to contribute to change the traditional conceptual understanding of green resource from something good to have, to an essential multifunctional resource that must be planned and developed in an integrated way.Item Open Access Planning for climate change: an assessment of vulnerability in the city of São Paulo(2022) Batista Resende, Nayara CarolineThe evidence on climate change and its implications to the future generations have motivated an increasing discussion on adaptation agendas and the necessity to plan more resilient urban spaces. However, implementing effective approaches for climate change adaptation are particularly challenging in countries like Brazil, where the planning of an adequate infrastructure system was not able to accompany the accelerated urbanisation process. Particularly in the city of São Paulo, such rapid urban population growth contributed to an urbanisation that is territorially extensive and characterised by socio-spatial inequalities and severe environmental issues. As the existent inequalities are predicted to aggravate the effects of climate change in the livelihoods of the population, it becomes of utmost importance to identify and address current vulnerabilities in order to strengthen the resilience of cities. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to identify areas within the municipality of São Paulo that are subjected to a greater risk when faced with extreme events and climate change, so that vulnerable regions, sectors or population groups can be prioritised when planning adaptation strategies. Thus, a vulnerability assessment was elaborated through the construction of a social vulnerability index and the geospatial analysis of data using GIS tools. The results of the assessment were then combined to data regarding the susceptibility to flood events in order to produce a map of risk posed by flooding, so that “territories of risk” - where social and environmental vulnerabilities overlap - could be identified for intervention.Item Open Access Investigation on the removal of selected organic micropollutants from municipal wastewater by trickling filters and sand filters(2019) Ghorban, ShimaRecently several different types of organic micropollutants are detected in the aquatic environment as a result of inadequate wastewater treatment. The adverse effects of the various micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, herbicides and industrial chemicals with concentrations less than 1 μgL-1 on the ecosystem are challenging to be assessed. Thus, sufficient approaches are indispensable to curtail the negative impacts that these substances may have on the environment and human health. Much research was done especially in the recent years on the fate and removal of these emerging contaminants from wastewater by different measures. In this work, a systematic literature review (SLR) is conducted to determine the current state of research in micropollutant removal around the globe which discovers the existing approaches for micropollutant treatment and enables applying an unbiased evaluation. Then one of the identified approaches (sand filter and trickling filter) which is the objective of this study was investigated, and the removal behavior of micropollutants by this method was experimented. The influent and effluent of the trickling filters and sand filters in LFKW wastewater treatment plant were taken and the effect of biodegradation and sorption on the removal of the compounds was investigated. Micropollutant analysis regarding non-polar substances was performed bygas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) while high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MSMS) was applied instead for polar compounds. Furthermore, the molecular orbital energies of the substances were investigated. UV/Vis spectrophotometry and DOC analysis were other experimental approaches that have been used in order to shed some light on the behavior of these contaminants. As a result of this study, micropollutants are classified in different groups based on their physical-chemical properties, providing it as an essential factor affecting micropollutant removal behavior. Moreover, different correlations between the physical-chemical properties and the micropollutants elimination are assessed.Item Open Access Evaluating SDG Indicators 6.1.1 and 6.2.1 taking into Consideration the Importance of Gender Equality(2018) Kramer, Hanna KatharinaThe present thesis examines the selected indicators to monitor the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets 6.1 and 6.2 of the 2030 Agenda adopted at the United Nations in 2015. It gives an overview of the most important theoretical concepts of indicator development. To evaluate the indicators, further research was done on the interrelation of gender and Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), and the concrete challenges women and girls must face. This includes an overall look at the human right principle of equality and the requirements for the human right to water and sanitation. A Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) comprising World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is recently responsible for monitoring SDGs 6.1 and 6.2. The programme developed so-called service ladders for monitoring the achievements of the targets. This work continued with the idea of these service ladders and advanced those through the inclusion of all elements of the human right criteria to water and sanitation. Thereby the indicator covers a broader range of aspects stated by the target. Including the target statement, to pay special attention to the needs of women and girls. Furthermore, the application of these service ladders is part of this work. This was possible in the course of a case study in Peru. In order to close existing data gaps and to support the application of the advance service ladders, a Transect Walk has been conducted in San Andrés de Tupicocha/ Huarochirí. The Transect Walk proved to be a valuable instrument in collecting treasured information which goes beyond survey data from national censuses. The use of the indicators in San Andrés de Tupicocha has shown that it is possible with simple means to monitor other aspects of the target, in the awareness of the urgency to leave no one behind to achieve equality and sustainability. In addition to the Transect Walk, the case study included interviews of different institutions like research institutions, public entities, and NGOs to gain an insight into the views of the various stakeholders on the subject.Item Open Access Development of updated AWARE characterization factors for water scarcity footprinting using and comparing different hydrological datasets(2022) Seitfudem, GeorgThe Available WAter REmaining (AWARE) method is a widely accepted tool for assessing the impact of water consumption on other water users in the context of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). It is based on the evaluation of runoff data obtained via global hydrological models. In preparation for a future revision, this thesis collects suggestions for further development of the calculation of AWARE characterization factors (CFs). The emphasis is on (i) increased precision of area values, (ii) the exclusion of irrelevant watersheds, and (iii) the calculation of the Environmental Water Requirements (EWRs) from the discharge input data. While the watershed exclusion has no effect on the remaining watersheds, the other modifications result in varying degrees of change in the CFs depending on the sensitivity of the watershed under consideration. The second part of this paper examines CFs calculated from different climate data inputs to hydrologic modeling. Observation-based climate data leads to less similar CFs than simulation-based data. The uncertainty in the observation-based climate data probably must be attributed to the simulation-based data, too, due to the strong link to the bias correction. Therefore, the uncertainty regarding observational data presumably contributes significantly to the overall uncertainty of the simulation-based data, and the selection of the bias-correction dataset could be more influential to the AWARE CFs than the selection of individual climate simulations.Item Open Access Assessment of selected micropollutants and the effect of rain events in wastewater treatment plant and its receiving water body(2017) Riyahi, AmirFrequent detection of micropollutants in municipal wastewater raise the concern of these non-regulated pollutants and their adverse effects on aquatic life. The lack of comprehensive investigation and regulations in water policies regarded to micropollutants behavior may lead to the contamination of water resources. In contemplation of extending the groundwork for future water policies, an assessment of the behavior of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, personal care products and pesticides have been accomplished. Observation of the diurnal behavior, effect of rain events and combined sewer overflows, evaluation of comportment of conventional parameters and heavy metals with micropollutants and an estimation of average diurnal load per capita have been the objectives of this study. The influent and effluent of the wastewater treatment plant of Herbolzheim, its receiving water body and the combined sewer overflows in its catchment area have been investigated. In regard to non-polar substances, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry has been applied, whereas high performance liquid chromatography was used for polar micropollutants. Comparative demonstration of conventional parameters affirms the reliability of results to be compared with the micropollutants. Influent of Triclosan seems to follow a similar pattern as turbidity; moreover, the fluctuation of the ammonium and pharmaceuticals appears to be resemblance due to the same source of diffuse. Furthermore, the elimination percentage for different substances ranges from no degradation for substances such as Carbamazepine, to almost complete removal of 99% for the Ibuprofen. Correlation between the spectral absorption coefficient and the pharmaceuticals as well as turbidity and Triclosan seems to be strong; additionally the strength of the correlation among ammonium and the pharmaceuticals is related to the frequency of consumption of pharmaceuticals. The average effluent concentrations of this study in comparison with other studies in Europe and the state of Baden-Württemberg have been introduced. Influent load fluctuations seem to be almost constant for several substances, hence an average estimation of influent load per capita has been investigated and compared with other studies. Comportment of heavy metals and metals such as potassium and micropollutants is evident. Ultimately, the concentrations of micropollutants in combined sewer overflows in multiple cases are higher than the effluent and even of the influent of the wastewater treatment plant, which implies the necessity of the treatment before discharge into the water body. Enforcement of regulations will enhance the protection of water resources and diminish the pollutants from the diffuse sources.Item Open Access Geklebte Verbindungen von Brettsperrholz-Platten in der Nebentragrichtung unter Verwendung von CNC/ robotisch gefrästen Anschlussleisten aus Furnierschichtholz(2020) Claus, MarianIm Zuge dieser Arbeit wird sich mit der Entwicklung einer geklebten Brettsperrholzplattenverbindung in Nebentragrichtung beschäftigt. Die Verbindung soll es ermöglichen, vorgefertigte Brettsperrholzplattenelemente baustellenseitig so miteinander zu verbinden, dass sie in Nebentragrichtung Momente übertragen können. Dies soll die Leistungsfähigkeit des verwendeten Systems steigern und dem Planer neue Möglichkeiten im Entwurf bieten. Die Verbindung wurde zunächst analytisch betrachtet und weiterentwickelt und anschließend mit der FE-Software Abaqus untersucht und optimiert. Um die Simulation zu validieren und die Verbindung in der Praxis zu testen wurde die Verbindung in Kooperation mit dem IfW hergestellt und an der MPA in Form von 4-Punkt-Biegeversuchen getestet.Item Open Access Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Stegöffnungen in torsionsbelasteten Kastenträgern(2024) Meusburger, MichaelDie Hauptträger der Traggerüste von Seilbahnstationen sind aufgrund der Torsionsbeanspruchungen als geschweißte Kastenträger ausgeführt. Konstruktiv werden vielfach Öffnungen in den Kastenträgern benötigt, welche rechnerisch nur unzureichend berücksichtigt werden. Mit der Einführung der zweiten Generation von Eurocodes soll mit dem Eurocode 3 Teil 1-13 auch ein Regelwerk für die Bemessung und Konstruktion von Trägern mit großen Stegöffnungen eingeführt werden. Der Entwurf dieser Norm beinhaltet Regeln zur Bemessung von I- und H-Profilen mit Stegöffnungen, jedoch ist eine Anwendung für Kastenträger im vorliegenden Entwurf nicht vorgesehen. Des Weiteren wird die Berücksichtigung von Öffnungen in Stabwerksprogrammen äußerst konservativ gehandhabt. Bei der Modellierung von einem Kastenträger mit Öffnungen in einem Stabwerksprogramm erfolgt die Berechnung der Torsionstragfähigkeit als Tragfähigkeit zweier offener C-Querschnitte. Aufgrund der angeführten Gründe zielt die vorliegende Masterarbeit darauf ab das Tragverhalten von geschweißten Kastenträger mit Öffnungen unter Torsionsbeanspruchung zu untersuchen. Für die Analyse des Tragverhaltens wurde eine Kleinserie an Modellträgerversuchen durchgeführt. Ziel dieser Versuche war zum einen der Aufbau eines grundlegenden Verständnisses für das Verhalten der unterschiedlichen Öffnungsgeometrien bzw. -anordnungen und für die verschiedenen Versagensmechanismen. Zum anderen dienten die Versuchsergebnisse ebenso zur Validierung der im Anschluss an die Durchführung der Versuche erstellten numerischen Modelle. Die Gegenüberstellung der Last-Verformungskurven und der zugehörigen Traglasten, Versagensarten sowie der Dehnungen ergab eine hohe Übereinstimmung, wodurch die Plausibilität des Simulationsmodells bestätigt wurde. Um die Datenbasis zu erweitern und die Einflüsse einzelner Parameter näher zu untersuchen, wurde mit dem validierten Modell eine Parameterstudie durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Versuche und numerischen Berechnungen zeigen, dass die Tragfähigkeiten von Kastenträgern wesentlich höher liegen, als bei der Annahme eines zweiteiligen offenen Querschnitts an der Stelle der Öffnung. Um diese Erkenntnisse in die Praxis zu transferieren, wurde abschließend ein einfacher analytischer Ansatz entwickelt, dessen Anwendung brauchbare Ergebnisse über alle Modelle der Parameterstudie zeigte.