02 Fakultät Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/3
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Item Open Access Heat transport from atmosphere through the subsurface to drinking‐water supply pipes(2023) Nissler, Elisabeth; Scherrer, Samuel; Class, Holger; Müller, Tanja; Hermannspan, Mark; Osmancevic, Esad; Haslauer, ClausDrinking‐water quality in supply pipe networks can be negatively affected by high temperatures during hot summer months due to detrimental bacteria encountering ideal conditions for growth. Thus, water suppliers are interested in estimating the temperature in their distribution networks. We investigate both experimentally and by numerical simulation the heat and water transport from ground surface into the subsurface, (i.e., above drinking‐water pipes). We consider the meteorological forcing functions by a sophisticated approach to model the boundary conditions for the heat balance at the soil-atmosphere interface. From August to December 2020, soil temperatures and soil moisture were measured dependent on soil type, land‐use cover, and weather data at a pilot site, constructed specifically for this purpose at the University of Stuttgart with polyethylene and cast‐iron pipes installed under typical in situ conditions. We included this interface condition at the atmosphere-subsurface boundary into an integrated non‐isothermal, variably saturated (Richards') the numerical simulator DuMux 3. This allowed, after calibration, to match measured soil temperatures with ±2°C accuracy. The land‐use cover influenced the soil temperature in 1.5 m more than the soil material used for back‐filling the trench above the pipe.Item Open Access Batch studies of phosphonate and phosphate adsorption on granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) with membrane concentrate and its synthetic replicas(2020) Reinhardt, Tobias; Veizaga Campero, Adriana Noelia; Minke, Ralf; Schönberger, Harald; Rott, EduardPhosphonates are widely used as antiscalants for softening processes in drinking water treatment. To prevent eutrophication and accumulation in the sediment, it is desirable to remove them from the membrane concentrate before they are discharged into receiving water bodies. This study describes batch experiments with synthetic solutions and real membrane concentrate, both in the presence of and absence of granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), to better understand the influence of ions on phosphonate and phosphate adsorption. To this end, experiments were conducted with six different phosphonates, using different molar Ca:phosphonate ratios. The calcium already contained in the GFH plays an essential role in the elimination process, as it can be re-dissolved, and, therefore, increase the molar Ca:phosphonate ratio. (Hydrogen-)carbonate ions had a competitive effect on the adsorption of phosphonates and phosphate, whereas the influence of sulfate and nitrate ions was negligible. Up to pH 8, the presence of CaII had a positive effect on adsorption, probably due to the formation of ternary complexes. At pH > 8, increased removal was observed, with either direct precipitation of Ca:phosphonate complexes or the presence of inorganic precipitates of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate serving as adsorbents for the phosphorus compounds. In addition, the presence of (hydrogen-)carbonate ions resulted in precipitation of CaCO3 and/or dolomite, which also acted as adsorbents for the phosphorus compounds.Item Open Access High-resolution spatio-temporal measurements of the colmation phenomenon under laboratory conditions(Stuttgart : Eigenverlag des Instituts für Wasser- und Umweltsystemmodellierung der Universität Stuttgart, 2022) Mayar, Mohammad Assem; Wieprecht, Silke (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)The fine sediment infiltration and accumulation into the gravel bed of rivers, the so-called colmation phenomenon, is a pernicious process exacerbated by anthropogenic activities. Owing to the importance and complexity of this phenomenon, it has been widely studied over the last decades. Various devices and methods have been developed to assess this phenomenon, where most of them are destructive and sample-based, resulting in an alteration of the natural conditions. Therefore, non-intrusive techniques, which provide spatial and temporal details with a high-resolution, are required to discretize the mechanisms involved in the colmation process. To address these issues, investigations under laboratory conditions may simplify the complexity of nature and enable individual and exactly defined boundary conditions to be investigated. Therefore, this thesis aims at (i) developing a non-intrusive and undisturbed measurement method for the high-resolution spatio-temporal measurements of the sediment infiltration processes and the development of sediment accumulation in an artificial river bed under laboratory conditions, (ii) applying this method to certain experiments for the assessment of the effects of different boundary conditions on sediment infiltration, and (iii) investigating the colmation phenomenon (also known as clogging) of gravel beds. For this purpose, the gamma-ray attenuation method is used together with an artificial gravel bed arranged from the spheres with various diameters and placed in a laboratory flume. This new method works based on the gamma radiation that passes through the infiltrated sediments, water, and bed spheres, in which the gamma-ray attenuation is linked to the variations of the infiltrated sediments’ quantity. The main simplification of this approach is that gravel beds are represented by the combinations of different-sized spheres. This gives the opportunity to fully distinguish infiltrating sediments from the bed material, reduce the complexity of the natural environment, and allows for repetitive measurements of the same position with different boundary conditions. From the results of this study, first, the gamma-ray attenuation measurement method was optimized to resolve the inconsistencies in the measurements. Subsequently, the concept of the non-intrusive and undisturbed measurement is proved through box experiments. Additional reproducibility experiments in the laboratory flume, for a similar bed structure, showed only small deviations between two experiments with the same setup. Consequently, the established technique was used in a series of experiments to evaluate the effects of different supply rates, total supply masses, and sediment particle size boundary conditions on the sediment infiltration and colmation processes. Vertical profiles of the infiltrated sediment were quantified through high spatial resolution measurements. Furthermore, to evaluate the infiltrating sediment accumulation development, and the temporal variations of the infiltrated sediments, the vertical profile measurements were first repeated after a specific time-period to track interval-averaged variations in all positions of the vertical axis. Next, a specific position of the vertical axis was measured continuously during the entire experiment in a high temporal resolution. The measured vertical profiles illustrate the vertical distribution, colmation, and unimpeded percolation of the infiltrated sediments. The dynamic one-point measurement precisely identifies the three phases (the start of the pore-filling, the required time to fill the pore, and the final amount of infiltrated sediments including natural fluctuation during the ongoing experiments) of the sediment infiltration or the possible clogging. As a limitation, the gamma-ray attenuation system’s current configuration only works in artificial gravel beds because of the given density difference between infiltrated sediments and the artificial bed structure. Intense radiations that pass through the natural bed's thickness are capable of detecting a significant amount of infiltrated sediments. However, small amounts of infiltrated sediments will create only a minimal shift in attenuation, which might be confused with the statistical error. In addition, the legal restriction against using radioactive material in the natural environment is another reason for not applying it in the field. Furthermore, the gamma-ray attenuation method cannot resolve the sediment distribution in the measurement horizon and provides an integrative result for each measurement position. In addition, if a mixture of silt, clay, and sand is supplied to the experiment, the gamma-ray attenuation system will produce a bulk result of all the infiltrated materials. To conclude, despite the limitations mentioned above, the gamma-ray attenuation method offers a unique opportunity for the non-intrusive and undisturbed measurements of the sediment infiltration or the special case of colmation, with a high spatio-temporal resolution. This method has the potential to quantify the investigated processes on a millimetric spatial scale, if the measurement time is not a constraint, or vice versa, in a high temporal resolution (seconds) for a specific position, if spatial scale is not important. Moreover, the gamma-ray attenuation approach can simultaneously measure the longitudinal distribution of the sedimentological processes, if multiple instruments or a single device with several radiation-emitting-holes is in operation. Last, but not least, rather than the spheres, artificial gravel beds could be made of any substance with a composition significantly different from the infiltrating sediments, and the boundary conditions of the experiments can be improved in order to attain conditions close to nature. Finally, the gamma-ray attenuation method can be integrated with advanced flow measurement instruments such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and other high-resolution endoscopic devices to track the behavior of fine sediment infiltration and its clogging process in the porous gravel beds as it occurs in nature.Item Open Access Simulation of cracking and failure of concrete structures(1990) Cervenka, Vladimir; Eligehausen, RolfThe computer simulation of the cracking process in concrete structures is performed by means of the program system SBETA. The program is based on nonlinear hypo-elastic constitutive model, which covers all important, experimentally derived material properties, namely, cracking, nonlinear stress-strain law in compression, softenning in compression and tension, biaxial failure function, etc. The nonlinear fracture mechanics is included by means of the fictitious crack model and smeared crack approach. Two examples of computer simulation of concrete fracture are shown. In the first example, the failure mode of a pull-out test is presented. In the second example, the process of the crack development and shear failure of a reinforced concrete beam is simulated.Item Open Access Guidelines for a finite element based design of timber structures and their exemplary application on modelling of beech LVL(2023) Töpler, Janusch; Buchholz, Lea; Lukas, Julian; Kuhlmann, UlrikeDesign verifications of buildings are usually carried out supported by a finite element analysis (FEA), for which, however, there are only a few and almost exclusively non-binding application rules. Within the Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC) at the University of Stuttgart, Guidelines for a Finite Element-Based Design of Timber Structures have been developed. The scope of the guidelines is daily engineering practice, expert engineering applications and product development and certification. Essential parts of the guidelines are design procedures, modelling (including geometrical, material and imperfection modelling), analysis, model verification and validation and design. The content and application of the guidelines are described and illustrated in this paper using two benchmarks. These two benchmarks, which are based on experimental investigations, deal with the elastic material modelling of glulam made of beech laminated veneer lumber (beech LVL) and dowel-type connections for beech LVL members. The experimental basis of the benchmarks is described. With the experiments for the benchmarks, all Poisson’s ratios and the complete elastic material stiffness matrix of beech LVL are determined by means of an optical measuring system. The experimentally determined stiffnesses of the investigated dowel-type connections in beech LVL are compared with normative values. Based on the experiments, a numerical model is developed in RFEM (Dlubal).Item Open Access Befestigungen mit Verbundankern. [Teil 1](1984) Eligehausen, Rolf; Mallée, Rainer; Rehm, GallusSeit 1975 wurden Verbundankersysteme verschiedener Firmen bauaufsichtlich zugelassen, wobei die Systeme hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung des Mörtels praktisch identisch sind. Diese Zulassungsbescheide regelten die Verwendung von Einzelankern sowie Ankerpaaren mit Ankern in der aus Lastspannungen erzeugten Druckzone von Beton- und Stahlbetonbauteilen. Die Anwendungsbedingungen wurden u. a. aus den beschriebenen Versuchen abgeleitet und sind ausführlich erläutert. Weitere wichtige Informationen über das Tragverhalten von Verbundankern mit großen Rand- und Achsabständen unter Kurzzeit-, Dauer- und Ermüdungsbelastung sowie bei unterschiedlichen klimatischen Bedingungen (Trocken- oder Naßlagerung) und bei erhöhten Temperaturen sind zu entnehmen. Zwischenzeitlich wurden wesentliche neue Erkenntnisse über das Tragverhalten von Verbundankern bei engen Rand- und Achsabständen sowie von Verankerungen in Rissen gewonnen, die bei der Neufassung der Zulassung berücksichtigt wurden. Diese Neufassung enthält auch wesentliche Vereinfachungen für die Bemessung von Befestigungen mit Verbundankern. In diesem Beitrag wird das Tragverhalten von Verbundankern unter Kurzzeitbelastung beschrieben und es wird auf Langzeiteinflüsse eingegangen. Weiterhin werden die in den Neuzulassungen festgelegten Anwendungsbedingungen erläutert.Item Open Access Magnetic resonance imaging of water content and flow processes in natural soils by pulse sequences with ultrashort detection(2021) Haber-Pohlmeier, Sabina; Caterina, David; Blümich, Bernhard; Pohlmeier, AndreasMagnetic resonance imaging is a valuable tool for three-dimensional mapping of soil water processes due to its sensitivity to the substance of interest: water. Since conventional gradient- or spin-echo based pulse sequences do not detect rapidly relaxing fractions of water in natural porous media with transverse relaxation times in the millisecond range, pulse sequences with ultrafast detection open a way out. In this work, we compare a spin-echo multislice pulse sequence with ultrashort (UTE) and zero-TE (ZTE) sequences for their suitability to map water content and its changes in 3D in natural soil materials. Longitudinal and transverse relaxation times were found in the ranges around 80 ms and 1 to 50 ms, respectively, so that the spin echo sequence misses larger fractions of water. In contrast, ZTE and UTE could detect all water, if the excitation and detection bandwidths were set sufficiently broad. More precisely, with ZTE we could map water contents down to 0.1 cm3/cm3. Finally, we employed ZTE to monitor the development of film flow in a natural soil core with high temporal resolution. This opens the route for further quantitative imaging of soil water processes.Item Open Access Numerical and experimental study of concrete structures exposed to impact and fire(2018) Ruta, Daniela; Ožbolt, Joško (Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil.)During their service life concrete and reinforced concrete structures may be exposed to extreme loading conditions such as fire, explosions, impact, earthquakes and terroristic attacks. In particular situations, as in case of chemical industries where the probabilities of explosions are relatively high, combination of extreme loadings represents a major risk. To assure safety conditions in terms of cost and lives losses for the involved structure as well as for the surrounding buildings, it is important to take into account the effect of multi-hazard phenomena. The aim of this work is to study the dynamic concrete behaviour after thermal exposure analyzing the change of the material state and structural response, by means of experimental tests and numerical analysis. In the literature, few studies can be found on the behaviour of concrete and RC structures subjected to coupled thermal and dynamic loads. The results of the study are also useful to extend the experimental and numerical database available in the literature. Experimental and numerical investigations on fire exposed plain concrete (compact tension specimen) and full scale reinforced concrete structures (slabs and frames) under high loading rates are presented and discussed.Item Open Access Computer simulation of anchoring technique in reinforced concrete beams(1990) Cervenka, Vladimir; Pukl, Radomir; Eligehausen, RolfThe load transfer in reinforced concrete structures by means of anchoring elements is very common in modern concrete technology. Anchoring elements are often inserted in the bottom surface of a structure and the load is transfered by tensile action of the concrete. In case of shear failure, the anchores are located in the most exposed tensile zone of beams. The shear failure can be thus influenced by anchoring elements. This effect was analysed by means of the finite element program SBETA, which is based on the nonlinear-elastic constitutive model. The comparison with experiments for several loading configurations was made. In the second part a computer simulation of similar experiments was conducted.Item Open Access Phase-field modeling of microstructure and fracture evolution in magneto-electro-mechanics(Stuttgart : Institute of Applied Mechanics, 2020) Sridhar, Ashish; Keip, Marc-André (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)