07 Fakultät Konstruktions-, Produktions- und Fahrzeugtechnik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/8
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Item Open Access In vitro evaluation of biologically derived hydroxyapatite coatings manufactured by high velocity suspension spraying(2021) Blum, M.; Sayed, M.; Mahmoud, E. M.; Killinger, A.; Gadow, R.; Naga, S. M.This investigation aims to study a novel biologically derived coating applied on Ti alloy substrates. Obtained from a low-cost fish bone resource, a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite has been synthesized and converted to an organic suspension. Coating was then manufactured by a high-velocity suspension flame spray process. The microstructure, phase composition, coating thickness, and roughness of hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated samples were studied. The results indicated the presence of both hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate phases and the final coating layer was uniform and dense. In vitro bioactivity and biodegradability of the HA/Ti composite samples were estimated by immersion in simulated body fluid. Remarkable reductions in Ca2+ and PO43- ion concentrations were observed as well as low weight loss percentage and a slight variation in the pH value, indicating the generation of an apatite layer on the surface of all studied samples. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry confirm these results. Thus biological derived HA coatings are a promising candidate to enhance bioactivity and biodegradability of bone implants. To demonstrate feasibility on commercial medical components, a medical screw was coated and evaluated.Item Open Access Biomimetics design of sandwich-structured composites(2023) Kunzmann, Carsten; Aliakbarpour, Hamaseh; Ramezani, MaziarIn the context of energy efficiency and resource scarcity, lightweight construction has gained significant importance. Composite materials, particularly sandwich structures, have emerged as a key area within this field, finding numerous applications in various industries. The exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and the stiffness-to-weight ratio of sandwich structures allow the reduction in mass in components and structures without compromising strength. Among the widely used core designs, the honeycomb pattern, inspired by bee nests, has been extensively employed in the aviation and aerospace industry due to its lightweight and high resistance. The hexagonal cells of the honeycomb structure provide a dense arrangement, enhancing stiffness while reducing weight. However, nature offers a multitude of other structures that have evolved over time and hold great potential for lightweight construction. This paper focuses on the development, modeling, simulation, and testing of lightweight sandwich composites inspired by biological models, following the principles of biomimetics. Initially, natural and resilient design templates are researched and abstracted to create finished core structures. Numerical analysis is then employed to evaluate the structural and mechanical performance of these structures. The most promising designs are subsequently fabricated using 3D printing technology and subjected to three-point bending tests. Carbon-fiber-reinforced nylon filament was used for printing the face sheets, while polylactic acid (PLA+) was used as the core material. A honeycomb-core composite is also simulated and tested for comparative purposes, as it represents an established design in the market. Key properties such as stiffness, load-bearing capacity, and flexibility are assessed to determine the potential of the new core geometries. Several designs demonstrated improved characteristics compared to the honeycomb design, with the developed structures exhibiting a 38% increase in stiffness and an 18% enhancement in maximum load-bearing capacity.Item Open Access Kinetic instabilities in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. Pt. 1, Rate multiplicity with Langmuir-type kinetics(1978) Eigenberger, GerhartThis paper is concerned with the occurrence of rate multiplicities (ignition-extinction phenomena). It is shown that rate multiplicity can be caused by the competing chemisorption of A and B upon the same active sites of the catalyst. Rate multiplicity can occur if at least one of the chemisorption or reaction steps is of second order. No rate multiplicity can be expected, if either A or B reacts via an Eley-Rideal type mechanism.Item Open Access How wetting properties influence the wear of radial lip sealing systems(2022) Fricker, Philipp; Baumann, Matthias; Bauer, FrankIncreased wear on radial lip seal systems is observed when sealing modern lubricants, such as polyglycols and esters. This can impair the function of the sealing system and ultimately lead to leakage. This work, carried out within the AiF research project “Welleneinlauf” (wear of counter faces) [1], shows methods to identify and predict excessive wear of radial lip sealing systems based on their wetting properties and pumping rate. The knowledge gained will support users by providing faster and more cost‐effective testing methods early in the design process, thus enables a significant increase in the service life of radial lip sealing systems.Item Open Access On the dynamic behavior of the catalytic fixed-bed reactor in the region of multiple steady states. Pt. 1, The influence of heat conduction in two phase models(1972) Eigenberger, GerhartDie Benutzung des Zweiphasenmodells für den katalytischen Festbettreaktor führte im Bereich mehrfacher stationärer Zustände bisher stets zu Schwierigkeiten, da sich ein Kontinuum von mehrfachen stationären Lösungen ergab. Dabei war es gleichgültig, ob die von Liu und Amundson aufgestellten kontinuierlichen Zweiphasenmodelle oder die von Amundson und Mitarbeitern entwickelten Zellenmodelle zugrunde gelegt wurden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß sich die unendliche Mannigfaltigkeit stationärer Lösungen auf wenige Lösungen reduziert, wenn man annimmt, daß Wärmeleitung in der Katalysatorphase stattfindet. Unterschiede zwischen den bisher benutzten Modellen und dem vorgeschlagenen Modell werden am Beispiel der Zündung und des Verlöschens der Reaktion dargelegt.Item Open Access Kinetic instabilities in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. Pt. 2, Oscillatory instabilities with Langmuir type reactions(1978) Eigenberger, GerhartAn analysis of the kinetic model studied in Part I of this contribution gave no indication for the occurrance of periodic solutions. However if an additional slow chemisorption ("buffer") step is added to the model, relaxation oscillations can develop in regions where the original model exhibited multiple solutions. The behaviour of the extended model is analysed via the singular perturbation approach and by simulation. It is shown that a broad variety of slow chemisorption steps can serve as buffer with the restriction that the buffer step should not, or at least only slightly, contribute to the surface reaction.Item Open Access A modified Crank-Nicolson technique with non-equidistant space steps(1976) Eigenberger, Gerhart; Butt, John B.A finite difference method with non-equidistant space steps, based upon the Crank-Nicolson technique is presented. Its prime feature is the automatic positioning of axial grid points at required positions. Thus reducing considerably the total number of grid points and hence the amount of computer time. The method is demonstrated for a number of examples of tubular reactor calculations. It proves to be well suited for the solution of all kinds of diffusion type models, especially if steep gradients or moving profiles occur, and can be used even on moderate size process computers.Item Open Access On the dynamic behavior of the catalytic fixed-bed reactor in the region of multiple steady states. Pt. 2, The influence of the boundary conditions in the catalyst phase(1972) Eigenberger, GerhartIt has been shown in a preceding paper that a reasonable two-phase model for the catalytic fixed-bed reactor in the region of multiple steady states should take into account heat conduction in the catalyst phase. In this paper the study of the proposed model will be continued using the example of the adiabatic fixed-bed reactor. It turns out that the behavior in the region of multiple steady states is essentially affected by the boundary conditions of the catalyst phase. If one assumes that the catalyst phase is isolated adiabatically at the front of the reactor, threefold stable steady states in a wide range of hysteresis can be obtained. If heat exchange by radiation takes place in the frontal surface of the catalyst phase threefold stable steady states can also occur but the range of hysteresis is much narrower. Twofold stable steady states exist only if the fixed-bed is composed of three parts; the first and third parts consist of inert material and the second contains the active catalyst. The results of the computation of this example will be compared qualitatively with the experiments of Padberg and Wicke.Item Open Access Inverse 3D printing with variations of the strand width of the resulting scaffolds for bone replacement(2021) Seidenstuecker, Michael; Schilling, Pia; Ritschl, Lucas; Lange, Svenja; Schmal, Hagen; Bernstein, Anke; Esslinger, SteffenThe objective of this study was to vary the wall thicknesses and pore sizes of inversely printed 3D molded bodies. Wall thicknesses were varied from 1500 to 2000 to 2500 µm. The pores had sizes of 500, 750 and 1000 µm. The sacrificial structures were fabricated from polylactide (PLA) using fused deposition modeling (FDM). To obtain the final bioceramic scaffolds, a water-based slurry was filled into the PLA molds. The PLA sacrificial molds were burned out at approximately 450 °C for 4 h. Subsequently, the samples were sintered at 1250 °C for at least 4 h. The scaffolds were mechanically characterized (native and after incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 28 days). In addition, the biocompatibility was assessed by live/dead staining. The scaffolds with a strand spacing of 500 µm showed the highest compressive strength; there was no significant difference in compressive strength regardless of pore size. The specimens with 1000 µm pore size showed a significant dependence on strand width. Thus, the specimens (1000 µm pores) with 2500 µm wall thickness showed the highest compressive strength of 5.97 + 0.89 MPa. While the 1000(1500) showed a value of 2.90 + 0.67 MPa and the 1000(2000) of 3.49 + 1.16 MPa. As expected for beta-Tricalciumphosphate (β-TCP), very good biocompatibility was observed with increasing cell numbers over the experimental period.Item Open Access Practical problems in the modeling of chemical reactions in fixed bed reactors(1984) Eigenberger, GerhartEstablishing a reaction rate model consists of the following steps: experimental design, evaluation of experimental results, choice of main components and main reaction steps, choice of a mathematical model for the test reactor and the rate equations and parameter identification. It will be shown that each of the above steps requires a number of decisions and assumptions which limit the general validity and extrapo!ability of the resulting model. In particular there is a strong interrelation of the rate equation and the underlying model of the reactor in which the kinetic experiments are performed. The restricted extrapolability requires discrimination between two different ways of using mathematical models. For design purposes, models are required which have the character of interpolations between experiments rather than that of extrapolations. In the second category models are used for speculative extrapolations to gain a better qualitative understanding of the complex interactions of transport and reaction. This in tum provides a base for decisions among rival options in chemical reaction engineering research and development.