Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access How to investigate within-subject associations between physical activity and momentary affective states in everyday life : a position statement based on a literature overview(2013) Kanning, Martina; Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich W.; Schlicht, WolfgangSeveral meta-analyses have investigated the association between physical activity and affective states and have found evidence suggesting that exercise exerts a positive effect on affective state. However, in this field of research, most studies have conducted between-subject analyses. Nonetheless, there is more and more interest in the within-subject associations between physical activity and momentary affective states in everyday life. This position statement pertains to this up-and-coming field of research and provides methodological recommendations for further studies. The paper is divided into three parts: First, we summarise and evaluate three methodological requirements necessary for the proper evaluation of within-subject associations between physical activity and momentary affective states in everyday life. We propose that the following issues should be considered: a) to address the dynamic nature of such relationships, repeated assessments are necessary; b) as activities performed in everyday life are mostly spontaneous and unconscious, an objective assessment of physical activity is useful; c) given that recall of affective states is often affected by systematic distortions, real-time assessment is preferable. In sum, we suggest the use of ambulatory assessment techniques, and more specifically the combination of acceloremeter-assessment of physical activity with an electronic diary assessment of the momentary affective state and additional context information. Second, we summarise 22 empirical studies published between 1980 and 2012 using ambulatory assessment to investigate within-subject associations between momentary affective states and physical activity in everyday life. Generally, the literature overview detects a positive association, which appears stronger among those studies that were of high methodological quality. Third, we propose the use of ambulatory assessment intervention strategies to change people's behaviour (ambulatory assessment intervention) and to enable people to be active as often as possible during the day (e.g., reducing sitting time, taking more steps per day).Item Open Access The effects of the combination of high-intensity interval training with 3D-multiple object tracking task on perceptual-cognitive performance: a randomized controlled intervention trial(2021) Park, Soo-Yong; Klotzbier, Thomas J.; Schott, NadjaThe ability to process goal-related visual information while ignoring goal-irrelevant information is essential for the human attention system. The study aimed to investigate how perceptual-cognitive performance was affected during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using a 3D-multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) task called Neurotracker (NT). In an experimental design, 42 healthy adults (age M = 23.3 SD = 2.94, VO2max 52.8 ± 5.66 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomly assigned to an intervention (HIIT + NT, NT, HIIT) or control group. NT performance (20 trials per session) was measured pre-and post-test (at 5, 15, and 25 min while running on the treadmill). The participants trained twice a week for a 4-week intervention period. There was a significant interaction effect between pre/post-test and groups regarding perceptual-cognitive performance, indicating similar enhancements in the HIIT + NT and the NT group during exercise. HIIT influences physical fitness but did not show any impact on perceptual-cognitive performance. Due to the specific NT task characteristics, improved physical abilities may not directly impact sport-specific perceptual-cognitive performance. Our findings suggest that training resulted in substantial task-specific gains. Therefore, combination training may be proposed as a training program to improve perceptual-cognitive, and physical performance in a time-efficient way.Item Open Access Assessing the well-being of residents in nursing facilities : translation and validation of the German version of the Laurens Well-being Inventory for Gerontopsychiatry (LWIG-GER)(2021) Schott, Nadja; Johnen, Bettina; Klotzbier, Thomas J.Well-adapted and validated well-being (WB) instruments for the nursing home population are scarce. To our knowledge, the Laurens Well-Being Inventory for Gerontopsychiatry (LWIG) is a practical and reliable well-being assessment tool that has never been validated for German nursing home populations. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to (1) translate and crossculturally adapt the LWIG to a German context and (2) test the reliability and validity of the German LWIG in a group of older nursing home residents using the Raschmodel. Methods. This study has a cross-sectional, descriptive study design. Cross-cultural adaption of the LWIG-GER from English to German was performed according to a standardized method. The data obtained from 104 long-term nursing home residents (57 women, 47 men) aged 60–99 years (mean 79.5, standard deviation ±9.11) were analyzed for psychometric testing (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, item fit, McDonald’s ω, convergent validity, and known-group validity, Rasch). Results. The final LWIG-GER consists of 19 items with three subscales, including “psychologicalWB”, “socialWB”, and “physical WB”. The LWIG-GER showed good overall reliability with McDonald’s ω of 0.83; the LWIG-GER dimensions’ scores were significantly correlated with depression, functional performance, activities, fear of falling, and education. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the German language version of the LWIG is a reliable and valid tool for measuring WB in nursing home residents. Furthermore, we propose that the LWIG-GER questionnaire can broaden and deepen our understanding of residents’ perception of quality of care and their environment.Item Open Access Using activity triggered e-diaries to reveal the associations between physical activity and affective states in older adult’s daily living(2015) Kanning, Martina; Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich; Schlicht, WolfgangBackground: Evidence suggests that elderly show positive affects after participating in an exercise program. However, it is less clear, how physical activities in daily living enhance affective states. This is surprising, as most of elderly’s physical activities are part of their daily living. We used activity-triggered e-diaries to investigate the within-subject effects of physical activity on three dimensions of affective states (valence, energetic arousal, calmness) in everyday life. Methods: Older adults (N = 74) between 50 and 70 years took part in the study during three consecutive days. Physical activity in daily living was objectively assessed with accelerometers. Affects were measured 10 minutes after a study participant surpassed a predefined threshold for activity or inactivity. The participants were prompted by an acoustic signal to assess their momentary affective states on an e-diary. Data were analyzed with hierarchical multilevel analyses. Results: When older individuals were more physically active, they felt more energized (energetic arousal) and agitated (calmness). However, they did not feel better (valence). Interestingly, body mass index (BMI) and valence were associated in a significant cross-level interaction, which demonstrates that BMI was a moderating variable. Lower BMI scores were associated with higher valence affect scores after being physically active. Conclusions: Activities in daily living only partially enhance the elderly’s affective states, because participants feel energized and agitated but not better. Accordingly to the moderating effect of BMI, older people with lower BMI feel better whereas older people with higher BMI did not feel better after being physically active in daily living.Item Open Access Cognitive-motor Interference during walking in older adults with probable mild cognitive impairment(2017) Klotzbier, Thomas J.; Schott, Nadja; Schott, NadjaAlthough several studies have shown that dual-tasking (DT) mobility is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, studies on the effects of DT conditions in probable Mild Cognitive Impairment (pMCI) have not yielded unequivocal results. The objectives of the study were to (1) examine the effect of a concurrent task on a complex walking task in adults with cognitive impairment; and (2) determine whether the effect varied with different difficulty levels of the concurrent task. Furthermore, the study was designed to evaluate the Trail-Walking Test (TWT) as a potential detection tool for MCI. We examined DT performance in 42 young adults (mean age 23.9 ± 1.98), and 43 older adults (mean age 68.2 ± 6.42). The MoCA was used to stratify the subjects into those with and without pMCI. DT was assessed using the TWT: participants completed 5 trials each of walking along a fixed pathway, stepping on targets with increasing sequential numbers (i.e., 1-2-…-15), and increasing sequential numbers and letters (i.e., 1-A-2-B-3-…-8). Motor and cognitive DT effects (DTE) were calculated for each task. ROC curves were used to distinguish younger and healthy older adults from older adults with pMCI. The TWT showed excellent test-retest reliability across all conditions and groups (ICC : 0.83–0.97). SEM% was also low (<11%) as was the MDC95% (<30%). Within the DT conditions, the pMCI group showed significantly longer durations for all tasks regardless of the cognitive load compared to the younger and the healthy older adults. The motor DTEs were greatest for the complex condition in older adults with pMCI more so than in comparison with younger and healthy older adults. ROC analyses confirmed that only the tasks with higher cognitive load could differentiate older adults with pMCI from controls (area under the curve >0.7, p < 0.05). The TWT is a reliable DT mobility measure in people with pMCI. However, the condition with high cognitive load is more sensitive than the condition with low cognitive load in identifying pMCI. The TWT-3 thus could serve as a screening tool for early detection of individuals with pMCI. Future studies need to determine the neural correlates for cognitive-motor interference in older adults with pMCI.Item Open Access Evaluation of the instrumented Timed Up and Go test as a tool to measure exercise intervention effects in nursing home residents: results from a PROCARE substudy(2021) Klotzbier, Thomas J.; Korbus, Heide; Johnen, Bettina; Schott, NadjaBackground and objectives. To achieve independence in activities of daily living, a certain level of functional ability is necessary. The instrumented Timed Up and Go (iTUG) test provides guidance for appropriate interventions, for example, when considering the subphases within the TUG. Therefore, we evaluated the iTUG as a tool to measure the effects of a multicomponent exercise intervention on the iTUG subphases in nursing home residents. Methods. Fifty long-term nursing home residents (34 women, 82.7± 6.46 [65–91] years; 16 men, 78.6± 7.0 [62–90] years) performed the iTUG test before and after a 16-week intervention period (2× 45–60 min/week). According to the attendance rates, participants were divided into three groups. Results. The total iTUG duration decreased from baseline to posttest, F(2,46)= 3.50, p= 0.038, η2 p= 0.132.We observed significant correlations between the attendance rates and the total iTUG duration (r(50)= 0.328, p= 0.010). However, we did not observe significant group× time interaction effects in the subphases. The Barthel Index moderated the effect between attendance rate and the total duration of the iTUG test, ΔR2= 8.34%, F(1,44)= 4.69, p= 0.036, 95% CI [0.001, 0.027]. Conclusions.We confirmed the effectiveness of the iTUG as a tool to measure exercise intervention effects in nursing home residents, especially when participants exhibit high attendance rates. That said, mobility needs to be considered in a more differentiated way, taking into account parameters in the subphases to detect changesmore sensitively and to derive recommendations in a more individualized way.Item Open Access Should I stay or should I go? : the impact of social networks on the choice to play for a national team in football(2021) Seiberth, Klaus; Thiel, AnsgarIn the course of their careers, elite athletes are faced with crucial decisions. This applies particularly to adolescent athletes who additionally have to cope with a variety of age-related developmental tasks. For young top football players with a migrant background, this can be even more challenging as they often attract the interest of national associations. From a network-theoretical perspective, it can be considered likely that the decision to join a top national association is not taken independently of the players’ networks. This article addresses the role of network actors within the players’ decision-making process. Our analysis is guided by constructivist network theory and based on a qualitative research approach that used guided expert interviews as its core research tool. Ten interviews with German-born youth internationals with a migrant background were conducted. The present analysis reveals several network actors such as family, coaches and players’ agents involved in the ‘national team question’. Evidently, most relevant networks of players with a migrant background are sports-related. These networks turned out to be highly functionalized and leave only limited room for manoeuvring. At the same time, the interviews reveal ‘structural holes’ within the players’ networks and indicate a considerable need for the optimization of talent counselling.Item Open Access Skillful and strategic navigation in soccer : a motor-cognitive dual-task approach for the evaluation of a dribbling task under different cognitive load conditions(2024) Klotzbier, Thomas J.; Schott, NadjaSoccer is a competitive sport that relies on distinct motor skills and cognitive processes. However, cognitive aspects are often overlooked, with a focus mainly on motor skills. Limited research has explored screening tests within motor-cognitive navigation dual-task (DT) paradigms. This study aims to validate a sensitive approach for assessing soccer-specific dribbling by evaluating the Trail-Dribbling Test (TDT) as a method to differentiate high-performance (HP) from low-performance (LP) players. Two hundred and seventy-five participants (41 females) aged between 12 and 34 completed the Trail-Making Test (TMT), the Trail-Walking Test (TWT), and the soccer-specific TDT under three levels of cognitive load. Results indicated shorter TDT durations for HP compared to LP players, with increased cognitive load accentuating differences (TDT-M: p = 0.044, d = 0.260; TDT-A: p < 0.001, d = 0.449; TDT-B: p < 0.001, d = 0.653). The TDT effectively discriminated between HP and LP players in the 14-15 (AUC = 0.712-0.820) and 16-17 age groups (AUC = 0.634-0.839). In conclusion, the ecologically valid TDT demonstrates the potential for quantifying soccer-specific dribbling, offering insights into motor and cognitive aspects of dribbling performance, especially among soccer players aged 14-17.Item Open Access Der Reihenfolge-Effekt bei der Beurteilung von schnellen Bewegungen am Beispiel von Kampfrichterurteilen im Gerätturnen(2010) Graf, Karla; Schlicht, Wolfgang (Prof. Dr,)Die vorhandene Literatur auf dem Gebiet der Sozialpsychologie zeigt, dass auch Kampfrichterurteile den allgemeinen Prinzipien der sozialen Urteilsbildung unterliegen. Bereits in den 50er Jahren wurde die verzerrende Wirkung des Reihenfolge-Effekts auf Urteile in verschiedenen Kontexten eindrucksvoll belegt (Asch, 1946; Anderson, 1959). Bis heute wurde aber Reihenfolge-Effekten innerhalb einer Übung keine Beachtung geschenkt. Das besondere Interesse besteht darin, inwieweit die unterschiedliche Reihenfolge von schnellen Bewegungen, innerhalb einer Übung, beeinflussend auf das Kampfrichterurteil wirkt. Erhält man somit für denselben Fehler unterschiedliche Abzüge, abhängig davon, ob er am Anfang oder am Ende der Übung zu sehen ist? Die empirische Arbeit ist so angelegt, dass lizenzierte Kampfrichter verschiedene auf dem Laptop präsentierte Videos von Übungen im männlichen Gerätturnen bewerten. Dabei sollen sie nach den gültigen Wertungsvorschriften ihre Urteile bezüglich der Ausführung abgeben. Eine Hälfte der Kampfrichter notiert die vorgenommenen Abzüge simultan zur geturnten Übung. Die andere Hälfte darf sich während der Bewertung keine Aufschriebe machen, sondern gibt die Bewertung am Ende jeder Übung ab. Die Übungen werden an zwei Geräten gezeigt, wobei sich diese in einem grundsätzlichen Aspekt unterscheiden: Dem Zeitpunkt des Auftretens eines groben Fehlers in der Übung. Die Unterscheidung in schnelle und langsame Geräte wird aufgegriffen (Plessner, 1999) und untersucht, ob der Reihenfolge-Effekt gerätespezifische Besonderheiten aufzeigt. Im Rahmen der Datenauswertung, wird mittels zweifaktorieller Varianzanalyse überprüft, ob die Annahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit im speziellen Untersuchungsfeld der Experimente Gültigkeit haben. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass ein überzufälliger Unterschied in den Kampfrichterwertungen bezüglich der präsentierten Fehlerposition nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte. Es werden unterschiedliche Faktoren zur Erklärung des Nichtauftretens des Reihenfolge-Effekts formuliert, wie etwa die Aufhebung von Effekten, Besonderheiten der Studien oder statistisch begründbare Einschränkungen des Untersuchungsfeldes. Die Art der Bewertung scheint im Gegensatz dazu, vor allem für weniger routinierte Kampfrichter, nicht unbedeutend für die Sportart Gerätturnen zu sein. Auch der Geräteeffekt ist erkennbar und zeigt, dass das schnelle Gerät Reck anfälliger für Urteilsverzerrungen dieser Art ist.Item Open Access PREVIEW behavior modification intervention toolbox (PREMIT): a study protocol for a psychological element of a multicenter project(2016) Kahlert, Daniela; Unyi-Reicherz, Annelie; Stratton, Gareth; Meinert Larsen, Thomas; Fogelholm, Mikael; Raben, Anne; Schlicht, WolfgangBackground: Losing excess body weight and preventing weight regain by changing lifestyle is a challenging but promising task to prevent the incidence of type-2 diabetes. To be successful, it is necessary to use evidence-based and theory-driven interventions, which also contribute to the science of behavior modification by providing a deeper understanding of successful intervention components. Objective: To develop a physical activity and dietary behavior modification intervention toolbox (PREMIT) that fulfills current requirements of being theory-driven and evidence-based, comprehensively described and feasible to evaluate. PREMIT is part of an intervention trial, which aims to prevent the onset of type-2 diabetes in pre-diabetics in eight clinical centers across the world by guiding them in changing their physical activity and dietary behavior through a group counseling approach. Methods: The program development took five progressive steps, in line with the Public Health Action Cycle: (1) Summing-up the intervention goal(s), target group and the setting, (2) uncovering the generative psychological mechanisms, (3) identifying behavior change techniques and tools, (4) preparing for evaluation and (5) implementing the intervention and assuring quality. Results: PREMIT is based on a trans-theoretical approach referring to valid behavior modification theories, models and approaches. A major “product” of PREMIT is a matrix, constructed for use by onsite-instructors. The matrix includes objectives, tasks and activities ordered by periods. PREMIT is constructed to help instructors guide participants' behavior change. To ensure high fidelity and adherence of program-implementation across the eight intervention centers standardized operational procedures were defined and “train-the-trainer” workshops were held. In summary PREMIT is a theory-driven, evidence-based program carefully developed to change physical activity and dietary behaviors in pre-diabetic people.