Universität Stuttgart
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Item Open Access Touching data with PropellerHand(2022) Achberger, Alexander; Heyen, Frank; Vidackovic, Kresimir; Sedlmair, MichaelImmersive analytics often takes place in virtual environments which promise the users immersion. To fulfill this promise, sensory feedback, such as haptics, is an important component, which is however not well supported yet. Existing haptic devices are often expensive, stationary, or occupy the user’s hand, preventing them from grasping objects or using a controller. We propose PropellerHand, an ungrounded hand-mounted haptic device with two rotatable propellers, that allows exerting forces on the hand without obstructing hand use. PropellerHand is able to simulate feedback such as weight and torque by generating thrust up to 11 N in 2-DOF and a torque of 1.87 Nm in 2-DOF. Its design builds on our experience from quantitative and qualitative experiments with different form factors and parts. We evaluated our prototype through a qualitative user study in various VR scenarios that required participants to manipulate virtual objects in different ways, while changing between torques and directional forces. Results show that PropellerHand improves users’ immersion in virtual reality. Additionally, we conducted a second user study in the field of immersive visualization to investigate the potential benefits of PropellerHand there.Item Open Access Digital factory transformation from a servitization perspective : fields of action for developing internal smart services(2023) Neuhüttler, Jens; Feike, Maximilian; Kutz, Janika; Blümel, Christian; Bienzeisler, BerndIn recent years, a complex set of dynamic developments driven by both the economy and the emergence of digital technologies has put pressure on manufacturing companies to adapt. The concept of servitization, i.e., the shift from a product-centric to a service-centric value creation logic, can help manufacturing companies stabilize their business in such volatile times. Existing academic literature investigates the potential and challenges of servitization and the associated development of data-based services, so-called smart services, with a view to external market performance. However, with the increasing use of digital technologies in manufacturing and the development of internal smart services based on them, we argue that the existing insights on external servitization are also of interest for internal transformation. In this paper, we identify key findings from service literature, apply them to digital factory transformation, and structure them into six fields of action along the dimensions of people, technology, and organization. As a result, recommendations for designing digital factory transformation in manufacturing companies are derived from the perspective of servitization and developing internal smart services.Item Open Access Signal fidelity requirements for deriving impedance cardiographic measures of cardiac function over a broad heart rate range(1993) Hurwitz, Barry E.; Shyu, Liang-Yu; Lu, Chih-Cheng; Reddy, Sridhar P.; Schneiderman, Neil; Nagel, Joachim H.Our findings indicate that the impedance cardiogram spectrum extends from DC to 50 Hz. Any amplifier with an upper band limit less than 50 Hz can be expected to produce attenuation and distortion of the impedance cardiogram. This signal attenuation may be systematically enhanced under conditions of high heart rate when a greater proportion of signal energy will be in the upper frequency range of the impedance cardiogram spectrum. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the influence of amplifier bandwidth on dZ/dtmax, stroke volume, and systolic time intervals (LVET, PEP, QZ, QX). Simultaneously measured ΔZ and dZ/dt signals from two impedance cardiographs, with corner frequencies of 120 and 60 Hz for the ΔZ and 50 and 15 Hz for dZ/dt channels, were contrasted over a broad range of heart rate (70–150 bpm). In addition to the analog dZ/dt signals obtained from the instruments, the ΔZ signals were digitally converted to dZ/dt by off-line digital differentiation with a 50 Hz corner frequency. The results demonstrated that the measurements with the 15 Hz corner frequency, when compared with the 50 Hz corner frequency measurements, systematically attenuated the dZ/dtmax amplitude and stroke volume measurements as heart rate increased. The attenuation of dZ/dtmax and stroke volume ranged from about 13% to 26% as heart rate increased from 70 to 150 bpm. When the upper bandlimit was 50 Hz, the dZ/dt signal had greater resolution of waveform events and produced less prolonged systolic time intervals. The 15 Hz amplifier differentially influenced the B point, Z-peak and X minimum, having no apparent effect on the temporal location of the B point, but delaying the Z-peak about 21.7 ms and the X minimum about 7.4 ms. These findings indicate that impedance cardiographs with insufficient upper bandlimits will differentially influence ICG-derived measurements as heart rate varies.Item Open Access Farbkodierte objektangepasste Streifenprojektion für die schnelle 2D- und 3D-Qualitätsprüfung(2002) Haist, Tobias; Tiziani, Hans J.Die Kontrolle von Werkstücken hinsichtlich ihrer dreidimensionalen Geometrie und ihrer Oberflächencharakteristik ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die automatisierte industrielle Produktion. Vorgestellt wird ein schnelles und robustes Einzelbildverfahren das es gestattet, gleichzeitig die Topographie zu kontrollieren und ein Videobild des Werkstückes zu generieren. Hierzu wird eine objektangepasste Streifenprojektion mit einer farbkodierten Maske verwendet. Zur Detektion können preiswerte Einzelchip Farbkameras zum Einsatz kommen. Das Verfahren erzielt eine vergleichsweise gute 3D-Auflösung von 1/4000 bei einer hohen lateralen 2D- und 3D-Auflösung und ist weitgehend unempfindlich gegen lokale Verschmutzungen und Variation der Beleuchtung.Item Open Access Development of individual insulin infusion profiles for open loop infusion systems(1984) Strack, Thomas; Krause, Ulrich; Schulz, Gerhard; Beyer, Jürgen; Beutelspacher, Friedrich; Nagel, Joachim H.The computer program for the open loop infusion device simulated the feed-back structure of a closed loop insulin secretion control by an algorithm based upon a theoretical postprandial blood sugar profile. Fifteen unstable juvenile onset insulin requiring diabetics could be well controlled after two to three days of an intravenous open loop insulin infusion program. The programs consisted of two constant basal rates and superimposed wavy step profile programs activated at the beginning of each meal.The preabsorptive bolus or cephalic phase was an additional tool both for improved postprandial blood sugar control and further reduction of insulin consumption.The programmable insulin infusion device proved as a valuable tool for the study of a sophisticated insulin infusion profile suitable as well for open loop as for closed loop insulin infusion systems.Item Open Access Fast bidirectional vector wave propagation method showcased on targeted noise reduction in imaging fiber bundles using 3D-printed micro optics(2023) Wende, Marco; Drozella, Johannes; Herkommer, AloisItem Open Access Mass-producible micro-optical elements by injection compression molding and focused ion beam structured titanium molding tools(2020) Ristok, Simon; Roeder, Marcel; Thiele, Simon; Hentschel, Mario; Guenther, Thomas; Zimmermann, André; Herkommer, Alois; Giessen, HaraldItem Open Access Digital analysis of high resolution fundus images(1992) Nagel, Joachim H.; Cideciyan, Artur V.Fundus photography is a common procedure in ophthalmology providing high resolution images of the inside back portion of the eye to diagnose diseases of the retina and the optic nerve, and to record their progress over time. In many instances, objective, quantitative, reproducible and reliable interpretation of fundus images requires their computerized analysis. A comprehensive system for digital analysis of high resolution fundus images has to address virtuallly all engineering aspects of medical image processing: restoration, segmentation, pattern recognition, and registration. Based on the specific application of investigating the tapetal-like reflex, a retinal reflection uniquely present in carriers of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP), novel approaches to the various stages of image processing are presented, and applications in other areas of medical diagnostics are outlined.Item Open Access Differential patterns of dynamic cardiovascular regulation as a function of task(1993) Hurwitz, Barry E.; Nelesen, Richard A.; Saab, Patrice G.; Nagel, Joachim H.; Spitzer, Susan B.; Gellman, Marc D.; McCabe, Philip M.; Phillips, Donna J.; Schneiderman, NeilIn cardiovascular reactivity studies, interpretations of the processes supporting the blood pressure response may become problematic when systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate all increase in response to a behavioral challenge. Therefore, in addition to evaluating these cardiovascular responses, this study examined cardiac output, total peripheral resistance and systolic time intervals derived from impedance cardiogram, electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram recordings during a speech Stressor, a mirror tracing task, and a foot cold pressor test. All of the behavioral Stressors elicited increases in blood pressure and heart rate, with the largest changes occurring during the overt speech. Based on the examination of the response patterns of the underlying hemodynamic variables it would appear that, in both men and women, the blood pressure increase during the speech preparation period was supported by increased cardiac output; the speech itself resulted in a mixed pattern of increased cardiac output and total peripheral resistance; whereas, the mirror tracing and cold pressor tasks produced increased total peripheral resistance. Although men and women produced similar response patterns to the behavioral challenges, sex differences in the estimates of myocardial contractility were observed during rest. These results provide evidence that different behavioral stressors can produce a distinct yet integrated pattern of responses, whose differences may be revealed, when impedance cardiography is used, to derive sufficient response measures for assessing dynamic cardiovascular processes.Item Open Access Depth from axial differential perspective(2022) Faulhaber, Andreas; Krächan, Clara; Haist, TobiasWe introduce an imaging-based passive on-axis technique for measuring the distance of individual objects in complex scenes. Two axially separated pupil positions acquire images (can be realized simultaneously or sequentially). Based on the difference in magnification for objects within the images, the distance to the objects can be inferred. The method avoids some of the disadvantages of passive triangulation sensors (e.g., correspondence, shadowing), is easy to implement and offers high lateral resolution. Due to the principle of operation it is especially suited for applications requiring only low to medium axial resolution. Theoretical findings, as well as follow-up experimental measurements, show obtainable resolutions in the range of few centimeters for distances of up to several meters.