04 Fakultät Energie-, Verfahrens- und Biotechnik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/5
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Item Open Access Automatic joining of electrical components to smart textiles by ultrasonic soldering(2021) Micus, Sebastian; Haupt, Michael; Gresser, Götz T.A suitable connection method to automatically produce E-textiles does not exist. Ultrasonic soldering could be a good solution for that since it works with flux-free solder, which avoids embrittlement of the textile integrated wires. This article describes the detailed process of robot-assisted ultrasonic soldering of e-textiles to printed circuit boards (PCB). The aim is to understand the influencing factors affecting the connection and to determine the corresponding solder parameters. Various test methods are used to evaluate the samples, such as direct optical observation of the microstructure, a peeling tensile test, and a contact resistance measurement. The contact strength increases by reducing the operating temperature and the ultrasonic time. The lower operating temperature and the reduced ultrasonic time cause a more homogeneous metal structure with less defects improving the mechanical strength of the samples.Item Open Access Development of a novel method and apparatus for analysis of die dynamics of an isothermal thermoset pultrusion process(2021) Selvarayan, Sathis Kumar; Gresser, Götz T. (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Pultrusion is a continuous process to manufacture constant cross-sectional fibre reinforced composite profiles. The profiles take their shape as the continuously moving fibre-matrix combination consolidates inside the cavity of a pultrusion die. The temperature-induced viscosity and volumetric changes of the fibre-matrix during the consolidation as well as the friction between the die wall and the moving fibre-matrix generates shear and normal forces that act on the die wall - phenomena known as “die dynamics”. Quantification and analysis of the die dynamics are crucial to understand and control the pultrusion process. However, state-of-the-art methods available to characterise the pultrusion process have limited capability to record the forces that act on the die wall at each position along the length of the pultrusion die. Further, the on-line measurement techniques demand full-scale pultrusion line which, in general, are resource intensive. In addition, the available methodologies have not considered the impact of process additives on the die dynamics. This research work, therefore, focuses on developing a resource-efficient offline testing method to characterise the die dynamics of a thermoset pultrusion process and to pre-determine the required process parameters for a given fibre-matrix combination. In the newly developed approach, called rotating core method, pre-impregnated rovings wound on a solid core with defined fibre volume fraction rotates about the axis of the core inside a hollow cylindrical heated die. The rotational velocity of the rotating core is set to be identical to the line speed of the pultrusion process. The rotating fibre-matrix undergo temperature-induced polymerisation leading to the transformation of the fibre-matrix into a solid composite within the cylindrical die. This mimic the dominant phenomena that occur inside a pultrusion die in the pultrusion process. An apparatus developed within the scope of this work, the Die Dynamics Simulator (DDS), for the first time allows to continuously measure the torque exerted by the rotating fibre-matrix on the DDS die during the polymerisation process. The measured torque represents the resistive forces that arise within the die during the consolidation of the fibre-matrix combination. Evaluation of the curing kinetics and rheology of the resin formulations facilitates the characterisation of their polymerisation behaviour enabling identification of the components of the resistive forces. Further, this work investigates the influence of the following parameters on die dynamics using the developed apparatus: (1) die temperature, (2) velocity of the fibre-matrix, (3) contact area of the die and the fibre-matrix, (4) part thickness, (5) fibre volume fraction, and (6) process additive - internal mould release (IMR). Subsequently, the developed methodology is validated against the pultrusion process using a lab-scale pultrusion line. The results show the dependency of the resistive forces on the individual and the interactions between multiple parameters. More importantly, the experiments conducted with varying concentrations of IMR permitted to evaluate the implication of the mould release on the evolving resistive forces within the die. The results further provide insight at which phase of the polymerising matrix is the IMR most effective. Comparison of the measured forces on the DDS and from that measured on the pultrusion line show good fit for higher fibre volume fractions of the consolidated composite.Item Open Access Material monitoring of a composite dome pavilion made by robotic coreless filament winding(2021) Mindermann, Pascal; Rongen, Bas; Gubetini, Drilon; Knippers, Jan; Gresser, Götz T.A hemispherical research demonstration pavilion was presented to the public from April to October 2019. It was the first large-scale lightweight dome with a supporting roof structure primarily made of carbon- and glass-fiber-reinforced composites, fabricated by robotic coreless filament winding. We conducted monitoring to ascertain the sturdiness of the fiber composite material of the supporting structure over the course of 130 days. This paper presents the methods and results of on-site monitoring as well as laboratory inspections. The thermal behavior of the pavilion was characterized, the color change of the matrix was quantified, and the inner composition of the coreless wound structures was investigated. This validated the structural design and revealed that the surface temperatures of the carbon fibers do not exceed the guideline values of flat, black façades and that UV absorbers need to be improved for such applications.Item Open Access Adaptive winding pin and hooking capacity model for coreless filament winding(2023) Mindermann, Pascal; Gresser, Götz TCoreless filament winding is a manufacturing process used for fiber-reinforced composites, resulting in high-performance lightweight lattice structures. Load transmission elements, which are assembled from commercially available standardized parts, often restrict the component design. A novel adaptive winding pin was developed, which is made by additive manufacturing and can therefore be adjusted to specific load conditions resulting from its position within the component. This allows to decouple the fiber arrangement from the winding pin orientation, which allows a fully volumetric framework design of components. A predictive model for the pin capacity was derived and experimentality validated. The hooking conditions, pin capacity, and occupancy were considered in the creation of a digital design tool.Item Open Access Integrating electronics to textiles by ultrasonic welding for cable-driven applications for smart textiles(2021) Micus, Sebastian; Rostami, Sahar Golmohammadi; Haupt, Michael; Gresser, Götz T.; Meghrazi, Milad Alizadeh; Eskandarian, LadanThe connection between flexible textiles and stiff electronic components has always been structurally weak and a limiting factor in the establishment of smart textiles in our everyday life. This paper focuses on the formation of reliable connections between conductive textiles and conventional litz wires using ultrasonic welding. The paper offers a promising approach to solving this problem. The electrical and mechanical performance of the samples were investigated after 15 and 30 wash-and-dry cycles in a laundry machine. Here the contact resistances and their peeling strength were measured. Furthermore, their connection properties were analysed in microsections. The resistance of the joints increased more than 300%, because the silver-coated wires suffered under the laundry cycles. Meanwhile, the mechanical strength during the peeling test decreased by only about 20% after 15 cycles and remained the same after 30 cycles. The good results obtained in this study suggest that ultrasonic welding offers a useful approach to the connection of textile electronics to conductive wires and to the manufacture of smart textiles.Item Open Access Flax fibre yarn coated with lignin from renewable sources for composites(2022) Möhl, Claudia; Weimer, Timo; Caliskan, Metin; Hager, Tom; Baz, Stephan; Bauder, Hans-Jürgen; Stegmaier, Thomas; Wunderlich, Werner; Gresser, Götz T.The present experimental work analyses the potential of lignin as a matrix for materials made from renewable resources for composite components and the production of hybrid semi-finished products by coating a flax fibre yarn. Natural fibres, due to their low density, in combination with lignin can be a new renewable source for lightweight products. For this purpose, the extrusion process was adapted to lignin as a matrix material for bio-based composites and coating of natural fibre yarns. A commercial flax yarn is the basis for the lignin coating by extrusion. Subsequently, the coated flax yarn was characterised with regard to selected yarn properties. In order to produce composite plates, the lignin-coated flax yarn was used as warp yarn in a bidirectional fabric due to its insufficient flexibility transversely to the yarn axis. The commercial flax yarn was used as weft yarn to increase the fibre volume content. The tensile and flexural properties of the bio-based composite material were determined. There was a significant difference in the mechanical properties between the warp and weft directions. The results show that lignin can be used as matrix material for bio-based natural fibre composites and the coating of natural fibre yarns is an alternative to spun hybrid yarns.Item Open Access Insights into the processing of recycled carbon fibers via injection molding compounding(2020) Wellekötter, Jochen; Resch, Julia; Baz, Stephan; Gresser, Götz Theo; Bonten, ChristianAlthough fiber-reinforced plastics combine high strength and stiffness with being lightweight, major difficulties arise with high volume production and the return of manufactured parts back into the cycle of materials at the end of their lifecycles. In a novel approach, structural parts were produced from recycled material while utilizing the so-called injection molding compounding process. Recycled fibers and recycled polyamide matrix material were used by blending carbon and matrix fibers into a sliver before processing. Injection molding was then used to produce long fiber-reinforced parts through a direct fiber feed system. Recycled matrix granules were incorporated into the injection molding process by means of an injection molding compounder to investigate their influences on the mechanical properties of the parts. The findings show that the recycled fibers and matrix perform well in standardized tests, although fiber length and fiber content vary significantly and remain below expectations.Item Open Access Development of natural fibre-reinforced semi-finished products with bio-based matrix for eco-friendly composites(2022) Möhl, Claudia; Weimer, Timo; Caliskan, Metin; Baz, Stephan; Bauder, Hans-Jürgen; Gresser, Götz T.Increasing resource consumption and a growing amount of textile waste increase the importance of a circular economy and recycling in the fashion and apparel industry. Environmentally friendly bio-based composites made from cellulosic fibres obtained from textile waste, and polymers based on renewable raw materials present a possible solution. In this study, the development of textile semi-finished products based on medium-to-long cotton and flax fibres obtained from textile waste in combination with a bio-based thermoplastic matrix for lightweight applications is investigated. For the production of natural fibre-polylactide hybrid yarns, fibre slivers with improved fibre orientation and blending are produced. Subsequently, quasi-unidirectional woven fabrics are produced and consolidated into bio-based composites. Textile and mechanical properties of hybrid yarns as well as bio-composites are analysed with regard to the influence of fibre length, fibre distribution in the yarn, yarn structure and fibre volume content. The results show that the production of bio-based semi-finished products can be a potential way for upcycling textile waste.Item Open Access Impact of long-term weathering on the properties of a digestate-based biocomposite(2021) Gebhardt, Marion; Milwich, Markus; Gresser, Götz T.; Lemmer, AndreasNatural fibre composites are increasingly used. For many applications, the long-term stability of the mechanical properties is crucial. Therefore, the effects of weathering of a biocomposite made from fibrous digestate and bio-based thermoset are investigated. The fibre component of the composite comes from digestate of a German biogas station which processes hop vines as main substrate. The matrix is a plant-oil-based epoxy resin. The samples were alternately exposed to UV radiation and moisture for various lengths of time. Afterwards, the material strength and water absorption were tested. As a result, the weathering leads to a decrease of strength but not to a high increase of water uptake.Item Open Access Textile-based coils for inductive wireless power transmission(2021) Micus, Sebastian; Padani, Laura; Haupt, Michael; Gresser, Götz T.We developed and evaluated different textile-based inductive coils for near-field wireless power transmission. The technology uses electromagnetic induction for the contactless transfer of electrical energy. Therefore, we investigated various methods for the attachment of conductive materials on a textile-based material and the production of textile-based coils based on QI standard. Afterwards, the textile-based coils were examined and evaluated due to their specific quality characteristics. This happens by calculating the transmission quality and the maximum efficiency of the system which enables comparison of different coil systems and indicates the transmission efficiency of the systems.