04 Fakultät Energie-, Verfahrens- und Biotechnik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/5
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Item Open Access Membrane electrode assembly for water electrolysis(2023) Nguyen, Thi Hai Van; Friedrich, K. Andreas (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)Maintaining a sufficient energy supply while minimizing the impact on the environment and climate is one of the greatest social and scientific challenges of our times. There are various fields of research and technological developments in the context of global warming and limitless growing energy demand, and the focus of this PhD programme is on artificial photosynthesis, more specifically on the assembly of Membrane electrode assembly for water electrolyzer part. Mimicking photosynthesis in a scheme to trap solar energy in chemical bonds (fuels) is a scientific and technological challenge. Having a cost-effective and reliable process stays one of the main limitations in order to achieving the long-term goal of this approach. In this work, within the European eSCALED project, the elaboration of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) for water electrolysis by introducing new materials and low-cost fabrication methods was investigated.Item Open Access Development of hydrodynamic density functional theory for mixtures and application to droplet coalescence(Stuttgart : Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Technische Thermodynamik und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik, 2021) Stierle, Rolf; Groß, Joachim (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Predicting accurately coalescence phenomena is critical to the accurate description of the hydrodynamics of fluids and their mixtures. A promising framework for the development of models for such phenomena is dynamic density functional theory. Dynamic density functional theory enables the analysis of dynamical processes in inhomogeneous systems of pure fluids and fluid mixtures at the molecular level. In this work, a hydrodynamic density functional theory model for mixtures in conjunction with Helmholtz energy functionals based on the PC-SAFT equation of state is proposed, that obeys the first and second law of thermodynamics and simplifies to the isothermal Navier-Stokes equation for homogeneous systems. The hydrodynamic density functional theory model is derived from a variational principle and accounts for both viscous forces and diffusive molecular transport. A Maxwell-Stefan model is applied for molecular transport. This work identifies a suitable expression for the driving force for molecular diffusion of inhomogeneous systems that captures the effect of interfacial tension. The proposed hydrodynamic density functional theory is a non-local theory that requires the computation of weighted (spatial averaged) densities around each considered spatial coordinate by convolution, which is computationally expensive. This work uses Fourier-type transforms to determine the weighted densities. A pedagogical derivation is presented for the efficient computation of the convolution integrals occurring in the Helmholtz energy functionals in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates on equidistant grids using fast Fourier and similar transforms. The applied off-the-shelf algorithms allow to reduce dimensionality and complexity of many practical problems. Furthermore, an algorithm for a fast first-order Hankel transform is proposed, allowing fast and easy density functional theory calculations in rotationally symmetric systems. Application of the hydrodynamic density functional theory model using a well-balanced finite-volume scheme to one-dimensional droplet and bubble coalescence of pure fluids and binary mixtures is presented. The required transport coefficients, shear viscosity and Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficients, are obtained by applying entropy scaling to inhomogeneous fluids. The considered systems show a qualitative difference in the coalescence characteristics of droplets compared to bubbles. This constitutes a first step towards predicting the phase rupture leading to coalescence using dynamic density functional theory.Item Open Access Modellgestützte Entwicklung eines Prozesses für die mikrobielle Hydrolyse von Propionitril zu Ammoniumpropionat(2000) Christian, Hans Jürgen; Syldatk, Christoph (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit bestand in der Entwicklung der Grundlagen für einen Prozeß zur mikrobiellen Hydrolyse von Propionitril zu Ammoniumpropionat. Zu Beginn der Arbeit wurde der verwendete Mikroorganismus auf seine Gattungszugehörigkeit hin untersucht und als Patentstamm Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 13002 bei der DSMZ hinterlegt. Zur Bereitstellung einer geeigneten Menge an homogener Biomasse wurde der Stamm in einem Maßstab von 70 l im Bioreaktor kultiviert. In weiteren Untersuchungen erfolgte dann eine Optimierung des Wachstumsmediums. Die Untersuchung der nitrilverseifenden Eigenschaften ergab, daß in dem untersuchten Stamm ein Zwei-Enzym-System aus einer eisenabhängigen Nitrilhydratase und einer Amidase vorlag. Diese wurden auf ihre biochemischen Eigenschaften im Ganzzellsystem hin untersucht. Durch Immobilisierung der Zellen konnte die Toleranz des Biokatalysators gegenüber dem Substrat Propionitril deutlich verbessert und bei einer absatzweisen Prozeßführung Nitrilkonzentrationen bis über 1 M umgesetzt werden. Bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses der Immobilisierung auf die Aktivität wurde eine moderate innere und äußere Stofftransportlimitierung bestimmt. Der Biokatalysator wurde als Immobilisat in absatzweiser Prozeßführung mit konstanter Substratzugabe (Fed-batch), im kontinuierlichen Rührreaktor sowie im Festbett eingesetzt. Dabei konnten im Fed-batch Prozeß Produktkonzentrationen von bis zu 3 M Ammoniumpropionat erhalten werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Reaktionsmodell für das Zwei-Enzym-System erstellt. Anschließend wurden sämtliche Modellparameter über Anfangsreaktionsraten und mittels dynamischer Simulation in Verbindung mit nichtlinearer Regression bestimmt. Eine Anwendbarkeit der reaktionskinetischen Ansätze unter dynamischen Bedingungen wurde anhand eines Fed-batch-Prozesses überprüft und eine gute Übereinstimmung der simulierten Konzentrationsverläufe mit den Meßdaten ermittelt.Item Open Access Integrated process design and optimisation for the production of cellobiose lipids from Ustilago sp.(2024) Oraby, Amira; Rupp, Steffen (Prof. Dr.)Item Open Access Multistep reactions of molten nitrate salts and gas atmospheres(2024) Steinbrecher, Julian; Thess, André (Prof. Dr.)Dissertation zur Untersuchung der Stabilität von Nitratsalzschmelzen unter verschiedenen atmosphärischen Bedingungen und Temperaturen.Item Open Access The lithium-sulfur battery : design, characterization, and physically-based modeling(2015) Fronczek, David Norman; Bessler, Wolfgang G. (Prof. Dr.)The lithium-sulfur (Li/S) battery is a promising candidate for next-generation electrochemical energy storage. Its unique combination of electrochemical performance, cost effectiveness, and environmental sustainability are unprecedented among battery materials. As of today, however, Li/S batteries are only used for few niche applications; a broader adoption of this technology is impeded by the yet unsatisfactory energy efficiency, self discharge, and limited lifetime. This work contributes to the advancement of Li/S technology in two respects: First, a novel kind of positive electrode, based on coated lithium sulfide, was prepared, tested and optimized. Second, the understanding of the complex chemical and physical processes in the cell was improved by creating and utilizing a computational model of the Li/S battery. For the experimental part of this work, a chemical vapor deposition process was developed to apply a carbon coating to lithium sulfide particles. The focus of this work was on the optimization of the process chain from commercially available chemicals to the final coin cell in general and on the characterization of the materials and electrodes during various processing steps in particular. For the modeling part, an existing multiscale electrochemical modeling framework was extended to enable full-cell simulations of Li/S batteries. The model includes a detailed description of electrochemistry, transport, and the evolution of solid phases in the cell, but also accounts for the electrical double layer and, in a generic fashion, the microstructure of the electrodes. Finally, a phenomenological description of the shuttle effect and associated cell degradation was implemented and analyzed. The parametrization and partial validation of the model makes use of original data collected for this purpose, but also data from literature. Simulation results comprise charge/discharge profiles, cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectra, and the evolution of the chemical composition of both the electrolyte and the electrodes over time. The analysis of these results reveals limiting factors and suggests improved operating conditions. The apt combination of theoretical and empirical methods enabled an improvement of the performance and cycle life of the novel cathode material, but also contributed to a more profound understanding of the Li/S battery.Item Open Access A new dispersion contribution based on the PCP-SAFT equation of state in the framework of classical density functional theory(Stuttgart : Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Technische Thermodynamik und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik, 2019) Sauer, Elmar; Groß, Joachim (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)This dissertation presents the development and evaluation of a dispersion contribution model of a Helmholtz energy functional in the framework of classical density functional theory. The model is based on the PCP-SAFT equation of state and was applied to fluid-liquid interfaces, confined systems, and sessile droplet systems.Item Open Access Perovskite chromite-based fuel electrode for solid oxide cells (SOCs): towards the understanding of the electrochemical performance(2023) Amaya Dueñas, Diana María; Friedrich, K. Andreas (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)The current energy transition is a key driver for the continuous development of fuel cells and electrolyzers due to the rapid growth of the clean energy demand and the need to overcome the intermittency of the power supply of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar energy. In this regard, solid oxide cells (SOC) are promising systems that allow to overcome such fluctuations: they convert renewable electrical energy into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen and valuable fuels and chemicals, while they can also repower the grid by converting fuels and hydrogen into electrical power. This feature in reversibility has attracted the interest among Power-to-X technologies, which can be exploited by operating SOCs in fuel cell (SOFC), electrolysis (SOEL) and reversible (rSOC) modes. Nevertheless, SOCs are not yet a mature technology due to limitations on the performance of their electrolyte and electrodes. Typical fuel electrodes made of Ni-based cermets are in contact not only with hydrogen, but also with reactants such as natural gas, biogas, steam and carbon dioxide, leading to important operation issues related to high temperatures and poisoning tolerance, which significantly detriment the performance of these systems. Due to the urgent need for the development of sustainable SOC systems in clean energy scenarios, this thesis aims to cover the Ni cermets issues related to SOCs operation, such as nickel agglomeration, nickel migration, structural cell damage and carbon deposition. Therefore, with the motivation to propose alternative fuel electrode materials to the state-of-the-art Ni cermets, formulations of perovskite chromite-based fuel electrodes were investigated in different SOC operating conditions. Firstly, different perovskite compositions were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to ensure the desired phase. With these crystal structure characterizations, the lanthanum-chromite perovskite with Ni doping (LSCrN) was selected as candidate fuel electrode material with the compositions La0.7Sr0.3Cr0.85Ni0.15O3-δ (L70SCrN) and La0.65Sr0.3Cr0.85Ni0.15O3-δ (L65SCrN). These materials were synthetized by the glycine-nitrate combustion method and ceramic powder morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An experimental protocol for the cell manufacturing process was designed and the electrolyte-supported-cells (ESCs) were produced by screen-printing, drying and sintering processes. ESCs were tested in different operating SOC modes: fuel cell (SOFC), steam electrolysis (SOEL), steam and carbon dioxide co-electrolysis (co-SOEL), as well as in reversible mode (rSOC) and even in dry carbon dioxide electrolysis operation. In situ electrochemical characterizations were performed by evaluating the voltage - current response and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In parallel, the exsolution of nickel particles from the produced LSCrN ceramic powders was investigated by means of temperature programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) and XRD techniques. It was shown that the introduction of A-site deficiency promoted the reduction of metallic nickel particles on the perovskite surface. The particle distribution was found to be dependent on the temperature, the atmosphere and the overpotential. In co-SOEL operation, cells with the developed L65SCrN electrode showed a comparable performance to the ones with state-of-the-art Ni cermets, e.g. - 0.8 A·cm-2 at 1.32 V and 860 °C. The long-term stability (~ 1000 hours) suggested that under strongly reducing atmospheres, such as in SOEL at 860 °C, the L65SCrN electrode suffered from accelerated performance degradation due to an alteration of the transport properties. Nonetheless, it was found that a decrease in operating temperature (below 830 °C) could be a suitable strategy to mitigate this durability issue. These findings are related to a gain in performance of the perovskite electrodes against the state-of-the-art Ni electrodes at temperatures between 770 °C and 830 °C, possibly due to lower reaction energy barriers. These outcomes were used as basis for a scale-up analysis from the cell level up to the system level, i.e. up to the MW scale, by analyzing a real case application of SOEL-based systems for hydrogen production. This analysis suggested that the implementation of perovskite electrodes in SOEL systems, together with a decrease of the system operating temperature, would lead to a significant reduction of the number of cells in the stacks and hence of the system components, simplifying the system layout. Additionally, the required amount of Ni raw material would also be significantly decreased, which would mitigate future supply chain issues that the mineral market may experience in the upcoming years. This study paves the way for future alternative electrode development for SOC applications while suggesting potential benefits at the system scale.Item Open Access Selective oxidation of methane to hydrocarbon oxygenates using H2O2 over Fe-containing MFI zeolites in a micro fixed-bed reactor(2018) Zuo, Hualiang; Klemm, Elias (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)The selective oxidation of methane to value-added hydrocarbon oxygenates has profound meaning not only for chemical industry but also for academic research. However, it is a key challenge in catalysis as methane is a highly symmetric molecule that does not possess any dipolar moment or functionality that would allow for directing chemical reactions. The presented work studied the selective oxidation of methane to hydrocarbon oxygenates using aqueous H2O2 as an oxidant over Fe-containing MFI zeolites. The aim of this work is to improve the catalytic performance by intensifying the mass transport, adapting reaction conditions and optimizing the preparation of Fe-containing MFI zeolites.Item Open Access CO2-Abtrennung aus Synthesegasen mit Hydrotalciten unter Hochtemperatur-Hochdruckbedingungen(2017) Bublinski, Martin; Seifert, Helmut (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Membranverfahren trennen Gasgemische kontinuierlich, selektiv und energieeffizient. Damit stellt dieses Trennverfahren eine interessante Alternative zu herkömmlichen, energieintensiven Gasreinigungsverfahren mittels Wäschern dar. Allerdings steigen insbesondere für Hochtempera-turanwendungen die material- und prozesstechnischen Anforderungen an das Membransystem, wodurch die Materialauswahl stark eingegrenzt wird. Bisher existiert im kommerziellen Maßstab noch kein hochtemperaturtaugliches, kontinuierliches Abscheideverfahren für die selektive Abscheidung von CO2 aus Synthesegas. Der Einsatz von Membranen aus Hydrotalcit stellt für die CO2-Abscheidung aus vorgereinigten Synthesegasen einen vielversprechenden Lösungsansatz dar. In dieser Arbeit wird die systematische Entwicklung von anorganischen mehrschichtigen Hydrotalcit-Membranen vorgestellt, mit denen CO2 selektiv aus dem Gasstrom unter Hochtemperatur- und Hochdruckbedingungen (T > 350 °C, p ≤ 80 bar) abgeschiedenen werden kann. Die Prozesse CO2-Sorption bzw. CO2-Desorption auf der Membranoberfläche sowie die Diffusionseigenschaf-ten der Membran wurden dabei getrennt voneinander untersucht. Zuerst wurden an reinen und mit Kaliumcarbonat dotierten Hydrotalciten mit einem Sorptions-/Druckreaktor CO2-Sorptionsgleichgewichtsdaten im Temperatur- und Druckbereich zwischen 200-500 °C bzw. 20-80 bar aufgenommen. Dabei wurden maximale CO2-Kapazitäten von 1,2 mol/kg für reines Hydrotalcit und 2,0 mol/kg für dotiertes Hydrotalcit mit trockenem, bzw. 1,95 mol/kg für reines Hydrotalcit und 5,70 mol/kg für K-dotiertes Hydrotalcit mit feuchtem Gas ermittelt. Die Desorptionseigenschaften wurden mittels zyklischen CO2-Sorptionsexperimenten bestimmt. Dabei stellte sich sowohl für reines als auch für K-dotiertes Hydrotalcit für trockenes und feuchtes Gas eine konstante Arbeitskapazität nach mehreren Sorptionszyklen auf dem Niveau von zwei Drittel der ursprünglichen CO2-Sorptionskapazität ein. Die Hydrotalcit-Membransynthese erfolgte auf Al2O3-Substraten mit einem Harnstoff-Hydrolyse-Verfahren. Dadurch konnte ein Wachstum der Hydrotalcit-Kristalle direkt auf der Substratoberfläche erreicht werden und eine homogene Hydrotalcit-Membran synthetisiert werden. Durch eine weitere Hydrotalcit-Schicht gelang es, die Defekte der Membran weiter zu verringern. Die CO2-Permeanzen wurden mit einem Hochtemperatur-Membranmodul bei 200 °C auf 3,03·10-7 mol/(m2·s·Pa) und 500 °C auf 1,06·10-6 mol/(m2·s·Pa) bestimmt. Neben der Knudsen-Diffusion wurde die Lösungs-Diffusion von CO2 als weiterer Transportmechanismus durch die Hydrotalcit-Membran identifiziert. Die idealen CO2-Selektivitäten bezüglich N2, H2 und CO lagen demnach meist leicht über den Knudsen-Selektivitäten. Gegenüber N2 konnte bei Tempera-turen von 350 °C eine Selektivität von 1,31 ermittelt und folglich eine partielle CO2-selektive Trennung mit den synthetisierten Hydrotalcit-Membranen erzielt werden.