04 Fakultät Energie-, Verfahrens- und Biotechnik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/5
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Item Open Access Constitutive correlations for mass transport in fibrous media based on asymptotic homogenization(2023) Maier, Lukas; Kufferath-Sieberin, Lars; Pauly, Leon; Hopp-Hirschler, Manuel; Gresser, Götz T.; Nieken, UlrichMass transport in textiles is crucial. Knowledge of effective mass transport properties of textiles can be used to improve processes and applications where textiles are used. Mass transfer in knitted and woven fabrics strongly depends on the yarn used. In particular, the permeability and effective diffusion coefficient of yarns are of interest. Correlations are often used to estimate the mass transfer properties of yarns. These correlations commonly assume an ordered distribution, but here we demonstrate that an ordered distribution leads to an overestimation of mass transfer properties. We therefore address the impact of random ordering on the effective diffusivity and permeability of yarns and show that it is important to account for the random arrangement of fibers in order to predict mass transfer. To do this, Representative Volume Elements are randomly generated to represent the structure of yarns made from continuous filaments of synthetic materials. Furthermore, parallel, randomly arranged fibers with a circular cross-section are assumed. By solving the so-called cell problems on the Representative Volume Elements, transport coefficients can be calculated for given porosities. These transport coefficients, which are based on a digital reconstruction of the yarn and asymptotic homogenization, are then used to derive an improved correlation for the effective diffusivity and permeability as a function of porosity and fiber diameter. At porosities below 0.7, the predicted transport is significantly lower under the assumption of random ordering. The approach is not limited to circular fibers and may be extended to arbitrary fiber geometries.Item Open Access Coupled electrohydrodynamic and thermocapillary instability of multi-phase flows using an incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics method(2022) Almasi, Fatemeh; Hopp-Hirschler, Manuel; Hadjadj, Abdellah; Nieken, Ulrich; Safdari Shadloo, MostafaThis paper concerns the study of coupled effects of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) and thermocapillary (TC) on the dynamic behaviour of a single liquid droplet. An incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (ISPH) multiphase model is used to simulate EHD-TC driven flows. The complex hydrodynamic interactions are modeled using the continuum surface force (CSF) method, in which the gradient of the interfacial tension and the Marangoni forces are calculated with an approximated error or 0.014% in the calculation of Marangoni force compared to the analytical solutions which is a significant improvement in comparison with previous SPH simulation studies, under the assumption that the thermocapillarity generates sufficiently large stress to allow droplet migration, while the electrohydrodynamic phenomena influences the droplet morphology depending on the electrical and thermal ratios of the droplet and the ambient fluid. This study shows that, when applying a vertical electric field and thermal gradient, the droplet starts to stretch horizontally towards a break-up condition at a high rate of electrical permitivity. The combined effect of thermal gradient and electric field tends to push further the droplet towards the break-up regime. When the thermal gradient and the electric field vector are orthogonal, results show that the droplet deformation would take place more slowly and the Marangoni forces cause the droplet to migrate, while the stretching in the direction of the electric field is not seen to be as strong as in the first case.Item Open Access Regelung eines instationär betriebenen Festbettreaktors mit Fuzzy-Kontrollregeln(1993) Nieken, Ulrich; Kolios, Gregorios; Eigenberger, GerhartKatalytiscbe Abluftreinigung in Reaktoren mit periodischer Strömungsumkehr erlaubt einen autothermen Betrieb bis zu niedrigen Schadstoffkonzentrationen. Bei höheren Schadstoffkonzentrationen ermöglicht ein Mittenabzug die vollständige Auskopplung der Verbrennungswärme. Aufgabe der Regelung ist es, den gezündeten Zustand bei geringen Rohgaskonzentrationen durch Zugabe von Stützgas aufrechtzuerhalten und bei höheren Konzentrationen Reaktionswärme in Form eines heißen Teilgassstromes zurückzugewinnen. Ein konventioneller Reglerentwurf gestaltet sich in diesem Fall als schwierig, da der Reaktor keinen definierten Arbeitspunkt besitzt, sondern nur im gezündeten Zustand gehalten werden muß, wobei er sich aufgrund der direkten Kopplung von chemischer Reaktion und Wärmetausch stark nichtlinear verhält. Aus diesem Grund werden die Methoden der Fuzzy-Regelung ausgewählt und an einem Reaktor im Labormaßstab erprobt. Im folgenden wird zunächst kurz auf das Prinzip der katalytischen Oxidation mit periodisch wechselnder Strömungsrichtung eingegangen, um die Wahl der Reglerein- und Ausgangsgrößen zu begründen. Anschließend werden der Aufbau des Fuzzy-Reglers skizziert und die erzielten Versuchsergebnisse diskutiert.Item Open Access Abluftoxidation in Monolith-Katalysatoren mit periodischem Wechsel der Strömungsrichtung(1988) Eigenberger, Gerhart; Nieken, UlrichMit steigenden gesetzlichen Anforderungen zur Reduzierung des Schadstoffgehalts gewinnen Verfahren zur oxidativen Umwandlung von Schadstoffen in Abluft zunehmend an Bedeutung. Typische Aufgaben der Abluftreinigung sind gekennzeichnet durch hohe Luftdurchsätze und niedrige Schadstoffkonzentrationen; die adiabate Temperaturerhöhung der Totaloxidation beträgt häufig weniger als 100°C. Das bedeutet, daß der Druckverlust in der Reinigungsanlage niedrig und der Warmerücktausch zwischen Zu- und Ablauf hoch sein muß, um die Betriebskosten niedrig zu halten. Im folgenden wird eine neuartige Betriebsweise der katalytischen Oxidation untersucht, die sich durch effektiven Warmerücktausch, niedrigen Druckverlust und geringes Bauvolumen auszeichnet. Sie beruht auf der Benutzung von Monolith-Katalysatoren in Verbindung mit der von Macros und Mitarb. entwickelten Prozeßführung mit periodischem Wechsel der Strömungsrichtung. Dabei wirkt jeweils der vordere und der hintere Teil des Katalysatorbettes als Regenerator-Wärmeaustauscher.Item Open Access Electrically heated oxide ceramic tubes for high temperature reactions(2023) Matthies, Jörn; Schall, Thomas; Pritzkow, Walter; Tuttlies, Ute; Nieken, UlrichEndothermic high temperature reactions are usually carried out in metal tubes heated by gas burners. Electrical heating allows substantial reduction of CO2 emissions. We propose the usage of a composite tube, where a thin metallic layer is embedded between an inner and outer ceramic layer. While monolithic ceramics suffer from brittleness and low tolerance to thermal stress, only the inner layer is made from monolithic ceramics, while the outer layer is made of fiber reinforced oxide ceramics. In first tests the hybrid ceramic tube was electrically heated to 1250 °C with a maximum heat release of 85 kW m-2.Item Open Access Modeling of the branching point distribution during the polymerization of N‐vinylpyrrolidone(2022) Welzel, Stefan; Zander, Christian; Hungenberg, Klaus‐Dieter; Nieken, UlrichTo gain insights into the microstructure of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a detailed reaction mechanism is developed, which characterizes the polymer along the property coordinate chain length, terminal double bonds (TDB), and branching points. For practical purposes, calculations with three property coordinates are unfeasible, and model reduction is needed. Here, a reduced model with only one single property coordinate without significant loss of accuracy is derived. In the first step, the coordinate TDBs are reduced by a linear relationship between TDBs and chain length. As the parameters of this relation are state dependent, they are dynamically adjusted from a parallel calculated 0D model. In a second step, the pseudodistribution approach is used to reduce the 2D distribution to chain length as the only property coordinate and calculate moments of branching points as a function of chain length. A 2D class model is set up for validation. To demonstrate the benefits of the model, the chain length distribution and moments of branching points are calculated for different average residence times and monomer concentrations in a stirred tank reactor. In a future publication, the model will be validated by experimental data in terms of chain length distribution and branching points.Item Open Access Catalytic combustion with periodic flow reversal(1988) Eigenberger, Gerhart; Nieken, UlrichOperation of fixed-bed reactors with periodic flow reversal as proposed and demonstrated by Matros and co-workers is a novel mode of operation for weakly exothermic or equilibrium limited reactions. In the present paper catalytic combustion in monolith type catalysts is considered. The influence of the operating parameters upon the shape of the temperature profiles in the stationary state als well as the stability of the ignited state are studied by model calculations. The advantages of inert front- and end sections and of hot gas withdrawal from the centre of the reactor are discussed. Experimental results for the catalytic combustion of traces of methane and propene in air show general agreement with the simulations.Item Open Access Katalytische Abluftreinigung : verfahrenstechnische Aufgaben und neue Lösungen(1991) Eigenberger, Gerhart; Nieken, UlrichNeue Verfahren der katalytischen Abluftreinigung mit im Reaktor integriertem regenerativem Wärmeaustausch erlauben die autotherme Abluftreinigung bis zu Schadstoffkonzentrationen entsprechend einer adiabaten Temperaturerhöhung von weniger als 20°C. Bei höheren Konzentrationen erlaubt ein Mittenabzug die nahezu vollständige Auskopplung der Verbrennungswärme auf dem höchsten im Reaktor vorliegenden Temperaturniveau. Infolge der Rückkopplung durch den integrierten Wärmeaustausch besitzt der Abluftreaktor ein ungewöhnliches Betriebsverhalten. Wie gezeigt wird, läßt es sich aber über eine Analogie zur Reaktionsführung mit integriertem Gegenstromwärmeaustausch mit einfachen Gleichungen abschätzen. Werden statt herkömmlicher Katalysatorschüttungen Monolithkatalysatoren eingesetzt, so lassen sich Stromungsdruckverluste und/oder Bauvolumen drastisch reduzieren. Auf die dafür maßgebenden Zusammenhänge wird eingegangen.Item Open Access Catalytic cleaning of polluted air : reaction engineering problems and new solutions(1994) Eigenberger, Gerhart; Nieken, UlrichIntegration of regenerative heat exchange into a catalyst bed enables auto-thermal operation of catalytic purification of polluted air with a low content of combustible pollutants. Concentrations corresponding to an adiabatic temperature rise of less than 20°C can be handled without introduction of additional fuel. For higher concentrations, a technique involving side-stream withdrawal allows utilization of the total heat of combustion at the highest reactor temperature. Heat recovery by integrated heat exchange gives rise to an unusual behavior of the reactor. Based upon an analogy to fixed-bed reactors with integrated countercurrent heat exchange, simple equations are derived for reactor design and operation. Substantial reduction in pressure loss and in the volume of the packed bed can be obtained by replacing conventional catalyst packings by monolithic catalysts. The corresponding relationships are briefly discussed.Item Open Access Fixed bed reactors with periodic flow reversal : experimental results for catalytic combustion(1994) Nieken, Ulrich; Kolios, Grigorios; Eigenberger, GerhartThe influence of design and operating parameters on the behavior of a fixed-bed reactor with periodic flow reversal has been studied in a laboratory set-up for the case of catalytic total oxidation. The results are in accordance with detailed model simulations published elsewhere. They show that the periodic operation is completely dominated by the regenerative heat exchange and that steady-state kinetics can be used. Like any other autothermal reactor, a fixed-bed reactor with periodic flow reversal has to be operated in the ignited steady state. It was shown that totally and partially ignited steady states may exist under the same operating conditions if several combustible components with different ignition temperature are present in the feed. Hot gas withdrawal from the middle of the packed bed proved to be a suitable method to utilize almost all of the heat of reaction at the highest temperature in the reactor and to prevent high temperature peaks at the respective exit valves. Together with an appropriate design of the fixed bed, composed of inert front and end sections with low effective axial conductivity and an active portion with large axial conductivity, hot gas withdrawal allows for an efficient control of the reactor under the conditions of both high and low feed concentrations.