04 Fakultät Energie-, Verfahrens- und Biotechnik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/5
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Item Open Access Membrane electrode assembly for water electrolysis(2023) Nguyen, Thi Hai Van; Friedrich, K. Andreas (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)Maintaining a sufficient energy supply while minimizing the impact on the environment and climate is one of the greatest social and scientific challenges of our times. There are various fields of research and technological developments in the context of global warming and limitless growing energy demand, and the focus of this PhD programme is on artificial photosynthesis, more specifically on the assembly of Membrane electrode assembly for water electrolyzer part. Mimicking photosynthesis in a scheme to trap solar energy in chemical bonds (fuels) is a scientific and technological challenge. Having a cost-effective and reliable process stays one of the main limitations in order to achieving the long-term goal of this approach. In this work, within the European eSCALED project, the elaboration of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) for water electrolysis by introducing new materials and low-cost fabrication methods was investigated.Item Open Access Constitutive correlations for mass transport in fibrous media based on asymptotic homogenization(2023) Maier, Lukas; Kufferath-Sieberin, Lars; Pauly, Leon; Hopp-Hirschler, Manuel; Gresser, Götz T.; Nieken, UlrichMass transport in textiles is crucial. Knowledge of effective mass transport properties of textiles can be used to improve processes and applications where textiles are used. Mass transfer in knitted and woven fabrics strongly depends on the yarn used. In particular, the permeability and effective diffusion coefficient of yarns are of interest. Correlations are often used to estimate the mass transfer properties of yarns. These correlations commonly assume an ordered distribution, but here we demonstrate that an ordered distribution leads to an overestimation of mass transfer properties. We therefore address the impact of random ordering on the effective diffusivity and permeability of yarns and show that it is important to account for the random arrangement of fibers in order to predict mass transfer. To do this, Representative Volume Elements are randomly generated to represent the structure of yarns made from continuous filaments of synthetic materials. Furthermore, parallel, randomly arranged fibers with a circular cross-section are assumed. By solving the so-called cell problems on the Representative Volume Elements, transport coefficients can be calculated for given porosities. These transport coefficients, which are based on a digital reconstruction of the yarn and asymptotic homogenization, are then used to derive an improved correlation for the effective diffusivity and permeability as a function of porosity and fiber diameter. At porosities below 0.7, the predicted transport is significantly lower under the assumption of random ordering. The approach is not limited to circular fibers and may be extended to arbitrary fiber geometries.Item Open Access Development of hydrodynamic density functional theory for mixtures and application to droplet coalescence(Stuttgart : Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Technische Thermodynamik und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik, 2021) Stierle, Rolf; Groß, Joachim (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)Predicting accurately coalescence phenomena is critical to the accurate description of the hydrodynamics of fluids and their mixtures. A promising framework for the development of models for such phenomena is dynamic density functional theory. Dynamic density functional theory enables the analysis of dynamical processes in inhomogeneous systems of pure fluids and fluid mixtures at the molecular level. In this work, a hydrodynamic density functional theory model for mixtures in conjunction with Helmholtz energy functionals based on the PC-SAFT equation of state is proposed, that obeys the first and second law of thermodynamics and simplifies to the isothermal Navier-Stokes equation for homogeneous systems. The hydrodynamic density functional theory model is derived from a variational principle and accounts for both viscous forces and diffusive molecular transport. A Maxwell-Stefan model is applied for molecular transport. This work identifies a suitable expression for the driving force for molecular diffusion of inhomogeneous systems that captures the effect of interfacial tension. The proposed hydrodynamic density functional theory is a non-local theory that requires the computation of weighted (spatial averaged) densities around each considered spatial coordinate by convolution, which is computationally expensive. This work uses Fourier-type transforms to determine the weighted densities. A pedagogical derivation is presented for the efficient computation of the convolution integrals occurring in the Helmholtz energy functionals in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates on equidistant grids using fast Fourier and similar transforms. The applied off-the-shelf algorithms allow to reduce dimensionality and complexity of many practical problems. Furthermore, an algorithm for a fast first-order Hankel transform is proposed, allowing fast and easy density functional theory calculations in rotationally symmetric systems. Application of the hydrodynamic density functional theory model using a well-balanced finite-volume scheme to one-dimensional droplet and bubble coalescence of pure fluids and binary mixtures is presented. The required transport coefficients, shear viscosity and Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficients, are obtained by applying entropy scaling to inhomogeneous fluids. The considered systems show a qualitative difference in the coalescence characteristics of droplets compared to bubbles. This constitutes a first step towards predicting the phase rupture leading to coalescence using dynamic density functional theory.Item Open Access Modellgestützte Entwicklung eines Prozesses für die mikrobielle Hydrolyse von Propionitril zu Ammoniumpropionat(2000) Christian, Hans Jürgen; Syldatk, Christoph (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit bestand in der Entwicklung der Grundlagen für einen Prozeß zur mikrobiellen Hydrolyse von Propionitril zu Ammoniumpropionat. Zu Beginn der Arbeit wurde der verwendete Mikroorganismus auf seine Gattungszugehörigkeit hin untersucht und als Patentstamm Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 13002 bei der DSMZ hinterlegt. Zur Bereitstellung einer geeigneten Menge an homogener Biomasse wurde der Stamm in einem Maßstab von 70 l im Bioreaktor kultiviert. In weiteren Untersuchungen erfolgte dann eine Optimierung des Wachstumsmediums. Die Untersuchung der nitrilverseifenden Eigenschaften ergab, daß in dem untersuchten Stamm ein Zwei-Enzym-System aus einer eisenabhängigen Nitrilhydratase und einer Amidase vorlag. Diese wurden auf ihre biochemischen Eigenschaften im Ganzzellsystem hin untersucht. Durch Immobilisierung der Zellen konnte die Toleranz des Biokatalysators gegenüber dem Substrat Propionitril deutlich verbessert und bei einer absatzweisen Prozeßführung Nitrilkonzentrationen bis über 1 M umgesetzt werden. Bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses der Immobilisierung auf die Aktivität wurde eine moderate innere und äußere Stofftransportlimitierung bestimmt. Der Biokatalysator wurde als Immobilisat in absatzweiser Prozeßführung mit konstanter Substratzugabe (Fed-batch), im kontinuierlichen Rührreaktor sowie im Festbett eingesetzt. Dabei konnten im Fed-batch Prozeß Produktkonzentrationen von bis zu 3 M Ammoniumpropionat erhalten werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Reaktionsmodell für das Zwei-Enzym-System erstellt. Anschließend wurden sämtliche Modellparameter über Anfangsreaktionsraten und mittels dynamischer Simulation in Verbindung mit nichtlinearer Regression bestimmt. Eine Anwendbarkeit der reaktionskinetischen Ansätze unter dynamischen Bedingungen wurde anhand eines Fed-batch-Prozesses überprüft und eine gute Übereinstimmung der simulierten Konzentrationsverläufe mit den Meßdaten ermittelt.Item Open Access Acid catalyzed cross‐linking of polyvinyl alcohol for humidifier membranes(2021) Michele, Andre; Paschkowski, Patrick; Hänel, Christopher; Tovar, Günter E. M.; Schiestel, Thomas; Southan, AlexanderPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a hydrophilic polymer well known for good film forming properties, high water vapor permeance JW, and low nitrogen permeance. However, depending on molar mass and temperature, PVA swells strongly in water until complete dissolution. This behavior affects the usability of PVA in aqueous environments and makes cross‐linking necessary if higher structural integrity is envisaged. In this work, PVA networks are formed by thermal cross‐linking in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid (TSA) and investigated in a design of experiments approach. Experimental parameters are the cross‐linking period tc, temperature ϑ and the TSA mass fraction wTSA. Cross‐linking is found to proceed via ether bond formation at all reaction conditions. Degradation is promoted especially by a combination of high wTSA, tc and ϑ. Thermal stability of the networks after preparation is strongly improved by neutralizing residual TSA. Humidification membranes with a JW of 6423 ± 63.0 gas permeation units (GPU) are fabricated by coating PVA on polyvinyliden fluoride hollow fibers and cross‐linking with TSA. Summarizing, the present study contributes to a clearer insight into the cross‐linking of PVA in presence of TSA, the thermal stability of the resulting networks and the applicability as selective membrane layers for water vapor transfer.Item Open Access Integrated process design and optimisation for the production of cellobiose lipids from Ustilago sp.(2024) Oraby, Amira; Rupp, Steffen (Prof. Dr.)Item Open Access Multistep reactions of molten nitrate salts and gas atmospheres(2024) Steinbrecher, Julian; Thess, André (Prof. Dr.)Dissertation zur Untersuchung der Stabilität von Nitratsalzschmelzen unter verschiedenen atmosphärischen Bedingungen und Temperaturen.Item Open Access The lithium-sulfur battery : design, characterization, and physically-based modeling(2015) Fronczek, David Norman; Bessler, Wolfgang G. (Prof. Dr.)The lithium-sulfur (Li/S) battery is a promising candidate for next-generation electrochemical energy storage. Its unique combination of electrochemical performance, cost effectiveness, and environmental sustainability are unprecedented among battery materials. As of today, however, Li/S batteries are only used for few niche applications; a broader adoption of this technology is impeded by the yet unsatisfactory energy efficiency, self discharge, and limited lifetime. This work contributes to the advancement of Li/S technology in two respects: First, a novel kind of positive electrode, based on coated lithium sulfide, was prepared, tested and optimized. Second, the understanding of the complex chemical and physical processes in the cell was improved by creating and utilizing a computational model of the Li/S battery. For the experimental part of this work, a chemical vapor deposition process was developed to apply a carbon coating to lithium sulfide particles. The focus of this work was on the optimization of the process chain from commercially available chemicals to the final coin cell in general and on the characterization of the materials and electrodes during various processing steps in particular. For the modeling part, an existing multiscale electrochemical modeling framework was extended to enable full-cell simulations of Li/S batteries. The model includes a detailed description of electrochemistry, transport, and the evolution of solid phases in the cell, but also accounts for the electrical double layer and, in a generic fashion, the microstructure of the electrodes. Finally, a phenomenological description of the shuttle effect and associated cell degradation was implemented and analyzed. The parametrization and partial validation of the model makes use of original data collected for this purpose, but also data from literature. Simulation results comprise charge/discharge profiles, cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectra, and the evolution of the chemical composition of both the electrolyte and the electrodes over time. The analysis of these results reveals limiting factors and suggests improved operating conditions. The apt combination of theoretical and empirical methods enabled an improvement of the performance and cycle life of the novel cathode material, but also contributed to a more profound understanding of the Li/S battery.Item Open Access Unravelling parameter interactions in calcium alginate/polyacrylamide double network hydrogels using a design of experiments approach for the optimization of mechanical properties(2024) Gorke, Oliver; Stuhlmüller, Marc; Tovar, Günter E. M.; Southan, AlexanderCalcium alginate/polyacrylamide double network hydrogels were reported to be exceptionally tough. However, literature reports so far varied the sample compositions mainly by one parameter at a time approaches, thus only drawing an incomplete picture of achievable material properties. In this contribution, sample compositions are varied according to a face-centered central composite experimental design taking into account the four parameters of alginate concentration cAlg, high/low molar mass alginate mixing ratio RP, acrylamide concentration cAAm, and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide concentration cMBA. Each sample composition is investigated in triplicate. Thus, 75 samples were investigated by tensile testing, and a detailed analysis of the significant parameters and parameter interactions influencing the mechanical properties is conducted. The data shows that two parameter interactions, involving all four tested parameters, have a large effect on the Young's modulus, the strength, the toughness and the strain at material failure. As a consequence, it becomes evident that the experimental procedure from previous studies did not always result in optimum sample compositions. The results allow optimization of the mechanical properties within the studied parameter space, and a new maximum value of the strength of 710 kPa is reported. The data also give rise to the assumption that other parameters and parameter interactions ignored also in this study may allow further tailoring of mechanical properties.Item Open Access A new dispersion contribution based on the PCP-SAFT equation of state in the framework of classical density functional theory(Stuttgart : Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Technische Thermodynamik und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik, 2019) Sauer, Elmar; Groß, Joachim (Prof. Dr.-Ing.)This dissertation presents the development and evaluation of a dispersion contribution model of a Helmholtz energy functional in the framework of classical density functional theory. The model is based on the PCP-SAFT equation of state and was applied to fluid-liquid interfaces, confined systems, and sessile droplet systems.