08 Fakultät Mathematik und Physik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/9
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Item Open Access Quantum fluctuations in one-dimensional supersolids(2023) Bühler, Chris; Ilg, Tobias; Büchler, Hans PeterItem Open Access Hubbard and Kondo lattice models in two dimensions : a QMC study(2003) Feldbacher, Martin; Assaad, Fakher F. (Prof. Dr.)This thesis discusses mainly two Fermionic lattice systems, first a Kondo lattice with additional Hubbard interaction and second a Hubbard Hamiltonian augmented with additional spin and charge interactions. We first introduce the Quantum Monte Carlo technique, which is then employed to study the two respective systems. We present an innovation that allows to calculate time displaced Greens functions more efficiently. Compared with previously used numerically stable algorithms the new method gains an order of magnitude in speed, but is just as precise, and very simple to implement. In the second chapter we consider the Kondo lattice model in two dimensions at half filling. In addition to the Fermionic hopping integral t and the superexchange coupling J the role of a Coulomb repulsion U in the conduction band is investigated. We find the model to display a magnetic order-disorder transition in the U-J plane with a critical value of Jc which is decreasing as a function of U. The single-particle spectral function A(k,ω) is computed across this transition. We conclude that (i) the local screening of impurity spins determines the low-energy behavior of the spectral function and (ii) one cannot deform continuously the spectral function of the half-filled Hubbard model at J=0 to that of the Kondo insulator at J>Jc. In the third chapter we investigate the phase diagram of a new model that exhibits a first order transition between s-wave superconducting and antiferromagnetic phases. The model, a generalized Hubbard model augmented with competing spin-spin and pair-pair interactions, was investigated using the projector quantum Monte Carlo method. Upon varying the Hubbard U from attractive to repulsive, we find a first order phase transition between superconducting and antiferromagnetic states.Item Open Access Elektronische Kopplung und Transferprozesse in Donor-Brücke-Akzeptor-Systemen(2000) Roccasalvo, Giuseppe; Sigmund, Ernst (Prof. Dr.)Donor-Brücke-Akzeptor(DBA)-Molekülen kommt eine wichtige Bedeutung beim Design von funktionellen Einheiten in der Molekularen Elektronik zu, die u.a. das Ziel verfolgt, Ladung oder Energie unter kontrollierbaren Bedingungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Zuständen eines 'molekularelektronischen Bauelementes' zu transferieren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird mittels theoretischer DBA-Modellsystemen die Abhängigkeit von Transferprozessen im Hinblick auf unterschiedliche chemische Strukturelemente (Kopplungsparameter, Orbitalenergie-Konstellationen) sowie Reservoireinflüsse untersucht, wodurch gezielt Abschätzungen über die praktische Verwendbarkeit von Molekülsystemen angestellt werden können. Ein besonderer Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der Übernächsten-Nachbar(NNN)-Wechselwirkung in kettenartigen Brückensystemen mit zickzackartiger Struktur (z.B. Molekülklasse der Alkane). Methodisch wird die Transferrate näherungsweise durch die Reduktion auf ein effektives Zwei-Niveau-System und exakt durch explizite Reservoirankopplung berechnet. Letztere Methode wird mit Hilfe des Greenschen-Funktions(GF)-Formalismus auf Pole beliebiger Ordnung und beliebiger (energieabhängiger) Reservoirankopplung verallgemeinert. Die qualitativen Eigenschaften der behandelten Modellsysteme sind einerseits resonanzartige Verstärkungen und andererseits antiresonanzartige Minima in der elektronischen Kopplung bzw. Transferrate. Ersteres tritt im Tunnelregime in der Nähe der Brückeneigenwerte auf, wohingegen letzteres Verhalten durch quantenmechanische Interferenzeffekte bei mehr als einem möglichenTransferpfad (NNN-Wechselwirkung) zustande kommt. Betrachtet man die Abhängigkeit der Transferrate von der Anzahl der Monomereinheiten der Brücke, so können bereits kleine NNN-Wechselwirkungen im Zusammenspiel mit der NN-Wechselwirkung nichtmonotone Effekte hinsichtlich der monoton fallenden Abstandsgesetze bei reiner NN-Wechselwirkung bewirken.Item Open Access Strongly interacting many-body systems in cold atomic gases(2013) Honer, Jens Daniel; Büchler, Hans Peter (Prof. Dr.)The remarkable progress in control over cold atomic gases has led to a point where people are no longer satisfied with merely studying these systems, but rather put them to use to understand complex quantum many-body systems. The basis of this development is a deep understanding of the interaction between atoms, and how to exploit those in order to engineer interesting and novel quantum-systems. The aim of this particular thesis is to contribute to this third quantum revolution [1] and hence help to understand the inner workings of complex many-body systems. We present a method to control the shape and character of the interaction between cold atoms based on dressing the atomic ground-state with a Rydberg-state. The latter induces a van der Waals interaction between all the atoms in the ensemble, and allows for control via the coupling light-field. We find that with increasing atom densities the ensemble shows a direct transition into a collective regime that preempts the onset of three-body interactions associated with a break-down of the first Born-approximation. The reason for this intriguing behavior is the strong interaction between Rydberg atoms that gives rise to the blockade-mechanism, and prevents the simultaneous excitation to the Rydberg-state for spatially close atoms. The non-trivial behavior of the interaction-potential within the collective regime yields a novel tool for shaping the interaction between ground-state atoms beyond s-wave scattering. We study this collective regime and the resulting interaction-potential between the atoms within a variational/mean-field approach, and discuss its effects on a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate. Artificial atoms show remarkable properties, that are often superior to real atoms. In particular, since they are built out of many constituents, such systems often exhibit an enhanced coupling to the light-field as well as strong optical non-linearities even for small light-fields. On the other hand, noise in quantum-mechanical systems can not only destroy coherence, but rather can be used in order to robustly drive a system into an interesting state. We study the effect of a controlled dephasing onto an artificial atom in the context of an ensemble of atoms coherently coupled to a Rydberg state and demonstrate that such an enhanced artificial atom allows for the deterministic absorption of a single photon from an arbitrary incoming probe field. Such behavior yields a unique tool in light-matter interaction, and opens the path to realise quantum-networks or to fabricate novel quantum-devices. Here, we discuss the applicability of this single-photon absorber as a single-photon transistor, a high fidelity n-photon counter, and a device that allows for the deterministic creation of non-classical states of light via photon-subtraction. A non-trivial topological order of quantum-states leads to conservation of certain properties and, hence, increases their robustness against external perturbations. This can even stabilize quantum-states against local fluctuations. The latter usually corrupts the coherence within a macroscopic object and thereby prevents quantum-phenomena to occur in our macroscopic world. As an example of such a topological state, we study the behavior of vortex-excitations in a two-dimensional superfluid confined to a periodic potential, as can be realised within a cold atomic gas in an optical lattice. For large superfluid filling factors and strong interactions, the healing-length and, accordingly, the vortex core is much smaller than the lattice spacing. As a result, vortices are confined to the plaquettes of the lattice, and can be described in the framework of an effective tight-binding Hamiltonian. Via a first-principle calculation based on coherent-state path-integrals we derive the microscopic parameters of this model and provide an analytic expression for the vortex mass. Moreover, we show that such a quantum vortex is not obliged to follow the superfluid flow, but rather exhibits Bloch-oscillations perpendicular to it, which is a telltale sign for quantum interference of this macroscopic many-body excitation. Recently, Jonathan Simon et al. [2] performed a major step towards simulating quantum many-body systems in cold atomic gases by simulating the paramagnet-antiferro-magnet transition of a one-dimensional Ising-model. Fundamental excitations in the phase with broken translational symmetry are domain-walls carrying fractional statistics. The question is, whether experimentally accessible single-particle excitations, which correspond to two closely-bound domain-walls, decay into fractional excitations or remain closely-bound. By use of perturbation theory, we derive an analytic model for the time-evolution of these fractional excitations in the framework of a tilted Bose-Hubbard model, and demonstrate the existence of a repulsively bound state above a critical center-of-mass momentum. The validity of the perturbative approach is confirmed by the use of t-DMRG simulations. Together with the recent demonstration of single-site addressing and readout in optical lattices, these findings open the path for experimental observation of fractional excitations within cold atomic gases.Item Open Access Quantum phase transitions in constrained Bose systems(2011) Bonnes, Lars; Weßel, Stefan (Prof. Dr.)This doctoral thesis studies low dimensional quantum systems that can be realized in recent cold atom experiments. From the viewpoint of quantum statistical mechanics, the main emphasis is on the detailed study of the different quantum and thermal phases and their transitions using numerical methods, such as quantum Monte Carlo and the Tensor Network Renormalization Group. The first part of this work deals with a lattice Boson model subject to strong three-body losses. In a quantum-Zeno like manner, a dynamical three-body constraint arises that restricts the evolution of the quantum system to the subspace with at most two particles per site i.e., three-body losses will be suppressed. Its low-energy description by a Feshbach model leads to the appearance of a pair condensate phase with intriguing quantum critical properties controlled by the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism. A comprehensive numerical study, presented in Chapter 3, identifies the pair phase and provides evidence for an unconventional Berezinksii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition due to the unbinding of half-vortices. The study of the pair phase with worm-like algorithms turns out to be challenging and an extension of the directed loop algorithm is presented that overcomes the sampling limitations posed by the appearance of fat-tail distributions. In the following chapters, attention is drawn to lattice systems of polar molecules in optical lattices. Their intriguing dipolar interaction and sensitivity towards external fields make them ideal candidates to realize new states of matter. Particularly, it has been shown that one can drive these systems into a regime where the interaction is dominated by competing two- and three-body potentials. First, the triangular lattice supersolid is considered in Chapter 4. An extensive numerical study combined with a detailed symmetry analysis answers the question of the nature of the supersolid quantum nucleation transition. Following this discussion, Chapter 5 investigates whether the characteristic features of this model persist in the presence of interactions for a realistic system with polar molecules. The three-body interaction regime in a honeycomb Bose-Hubbard model turns out to give rise to a set of highly complex phases in terms of valence bond solids and leads to frustration. Chapter 6 studies the phase diagram and shows how the competition between two- and three-body interactions exhibiting a cascade of phases in the regime of intermediate couplings. In addition, it is demonstrated how the Tensor Network Renormalization Group can be applied to systems with multibody interactions and generic algorithmic limitations are described. Finally, preliminary results concerning the effect of quantum disorder on the triangular supersolid and recent calculations for the entropy of one-dimensional trapped SU(N) Hubbard models are discussed in Chapter 7.Item Open Access Nonequilibrium dynamics of strongly correlated quantum systems(2006) Manmana, Salvatore Rosario; Muramatsu, Alejandro (Prof. Dr.)In this thesis, strongly correlated quantum many-body systems in equilibrium and in out-of-equilibrium situations are investigated. This is done by applying and developing well established numerical methods. The focus of the thesis lies in the development and application of the density matrix renormalization group method (DMRG) to quantum many-body systems out of equilbrium. In this thesis, in addition to the DMRG, methods for the exact diagonalization of the Hamiltonian of the system, like the Lanczos- or the Jacobi-Davidson method, are treated. An extension of the Lanczos method makes it possible to treat the time evolution of strongly correlated quantum systems with an accuracy comparable to machine precision. This method is the basis for a possible extension of the DMRG for the treatment of systems out of equilibrium, the so-called adaptive time-dependent DMRG ("adaptive t-DMRG"). A second variant of the adaptive t-DMRG uses the Suzuki-Trotter decomposition of the time-evolution operator. An error analysis demonstrates that both methods, for a suitable choice of control parameters, have errors < 1% at the end of the time evolution in complicated quantities like, e.g., the momentum distribution function. We apply these numerical methods to investigate the quantum critical behavior of a variant of the Hubbard model and to treat two non-equilibrium situations of current interest. Extensive use of the DMRG makes it possible to clarify the quantum-critical behavior of the ionic Hubbard model; in particular, the numerical results demonstrate quite clearly that the correct scenario has two critical points; at the first critical point, only the charge degrees of freedom are critical, while at the second one only the spin degrees of freedom are critical. Quite surprisingly, the Mott-insulator phase in the strong-coupling regime shows a divergent electrical susceptibility. Next, the dynamics of a system of so-called soft-core bosons is treated. The particles initially are trapped in a deep box-potential and the dynamics is investigated after releasing them from this trapping potential. Similar to exact results obtained for so-called hard-core bosons, (quasi-)coherent matter waves emerge, demonstrating the possibility of realizing an atom laser in experiments on optical lattices. We find that the wave vector of the emerging matter wave can be tuned by changing the strength of the interaction between the particles. The second non-equilibrium situation is a so-called "quantum-quench" of a system of strongly correlated fermions, i.e., the evolution of the system after suddenly changing an intrinsic parameter like, e.g., the interaction strength between the particles, is investigated. In this case, we are mainly interested in the long-time behavior; in particular, the question arises whether, relying on Boltzmann's ergodic hypothesis, relaxation to a thermal state is obtained. We find that, in general, non-thermal final states are reached, which can be described by generalized Gibbs-Boltzmann ensembles.Item Open Access Collective effects of light-matter interactions in Rydberg superatoms(2021) Kumlin, Jan; Büchler, Hans Peter (Prof. Dr.)Item Open Access Single hole dynamics in the t-J model(2000) Brunner, Michael; Muramatsu, Alejandro (Prof. Dr.)In dieser Arbeit werden Ergebnisse für die Ein-Loch-Dynamik im t-J Modell vorgestellt. Diese Resultate konnten durch einen neuen Quanten Monte Carlo Algorithmus erzielt werden, der die Einteilchen-Greensfunktion in imaginärer Zeit bei halber Füllung berechnet. Die Greensfunktion wird benutzt um einerseits Quasiteilchendispersion und -gewicht direkt zu berechnen, andererseits kann mit Hilfe der Maximum Entropy-Methode die komplette Spektralfunktion berechnet werden. Es wurden Simulationen für das t-J Modell in einer und zwei Dimensionen, sowie in Doppel- und Dreifachleitern durchgeführt. In einer Dimension zeigt sich, dass die Ergebnisse mit einem einfachen Spin-Ladungstrennungs-Ansatz übereinstimmen, wobei das Minimum der Dispersion bei k=pi/2 liegt. Am supersymmetrischen Punkt J/t=2 beobachtet man ein verschwindendes Quasiteilchengewicht, was mit analytischen Rechnungen übereinstimmt. Die in zwei Dimensionen gefundene Dispersion stimmt mit Vorhersagen aus selbstkonsistenter Born-Näherung und Reihenentwicklung überein. Man beobachtet flache Bänder bei k=(pi,0) und ein Minimum bei k=(pi/2,pi/2). Das Quasiteilchengewicht im thermodynamischen Limes ist endlich. Die beiden Leitersysteme zeigen ein deutlich anderes Verhalten. Es ist bekannt, dass die Doppelleiter einen Spingap hat, während die Dreifachleiter gaplosee Spinanregungen besitzt. Die Dispersion der Doppelleiter bis hin zum isotropen Fall lässt sich analytisch gut verstehen, wenn man vom Limes starker Kopplung entlang der Sprossen ausgeht. Weiter beobachtet man ein großes Quasiteilchengewicht. Der Limes starker Kopplung in der Dreifachleiter führt zu einem effektiven Modell, das zur eindimensionalen t-J-Kette äquivalent ist. Falls die Kopplung zwischen den Ketten weit stärker als entlang der Leiter ist, so sind unsere Ergebnisse mit diesem effektiven Modell konsistent. Bei J/t=2 zeigen unsere Daten ein Verschwinden des Quasiteilchengewichts im thermodynamischen Limes.Item Open Access On the possibility of fractional statistics in the two-dimensional t-J model at low doping(2012) Beck, Thorsten; Muramatsu, Alejandro (Prof. Dr. rer. nat.)The purpose of this work is the derivation of an effective field theory for the low-energy magnetic modes of the t-J model on a two-dimensional square lattice and for small values of doping, which is of relevance to the physics of high-temperature superconductors. In particular, we address the possibility of low-energy excitations that obey fractional spin and statistics. For temperatures where kBT is considerably smaller than the magnetic exchange coupling J and for low values of doping, the system is close to an antiferromagnetically ordered Néel state and the spin correlation length takes values significantly larger than the lattice constant a, such that a field theoretic analysis is justified. The effective model is obtained by means of a gradient expansion around the antiferromagnetically ordered reference state. Dimensional analysis shows that in (2+1) dimensions only terms up to order O(a2) in the effective action are relevant to the behaviour at large scales, whereas O(a3)-terms are marginal and higher order terms are irrelevant. Even though marginal, the O(a3)-contributions may drastically influence the properties of excitations, as they might feature a term of topological nature which endows field histories with a statistical phase factor. In fact, all field histories can be characterized as mappings from compactified spacetime, the three-sphere S3, to the order parameter space S2 and thus fall into different homotopy classes. The topological invariant characterizing these homotopy classes is given by the Hopf invariant. Consequently, if the Hopf invariant emerges in the effective field theory, the spin and statistics of low-energy excitations fractionalize. The analysis is based on a path integral representation of the t-J model which was obtained recently by means of Dirac quantization. After introducing a staggered quantization axis, the single occupancy constraint which is inherent to the t-J model can be taken into account exactly. We perform a long-wavelength, low-frequency gradient expansion of the effective action and integrate over the fermionic degrees of freedom as well as the fast-fluctuating bosonic modes. Since our derivation is based on a microscopic model, we obtain an effective action where the doping dependence of the coupling constants is made explicit.Item Open Access Crystalline phase for one-dimensional ultra-cold atomic bosons(2011) Büchler, Hans PeterWe study cold atomic gases with a contact interaction and confined into one-dimension. Crossing the confinement induced resonance the correlation between the bosons increases, and introduces an effective range for the interaction potential. Using the mapping onto the sine-Gordon model and a Hubbard model in the strongly interacting regime allows us to derive the phase diagram in the presence of an optical lattice. We find the appearance of a phase transition from a Luttinger liquid with algebraic correlations into a crystalline phase with a particle on every second lattice site.
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