03 Fakultät Chemie
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Item Open Access Impact of remote mutations on metallo-beta-lactamase substrate specificity : implications for the evolution of antibiotic resistance(2005) Ölschläger, Peter; Mayo, Stephen L.; Pleiss, JürgenMetallo-beta-lactamases have raised concerns due to their ability to hydrolyze a broad spectrum of beta-lactam antibiotics. The G262S point mutation distinguishing the metallo-beta-lactamase IMP 1 from IMP 6 has no effect on the hydrolysis of the drugs cephalothin and cefotaxime, but significantly improves catalytic efficiency toward cephaloridine, ceftazidime, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and imipenem. This change in specificity occurs even though residue 262 is remote from the active site. We investigated the substrate specificities of five other point mutants resulting from single nucleotide substitutions at positions near residue 262: G262A, G262V, S121G, F218Y and F218I. The results suggest two types of substrates: type I (nitrocefin, cephalothin and cefotaxime), which are converted equally well by IMP-6, IMP-1, and G262A, but even more efficiently by the other mutants, and type II (ceftazidime, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, and imipenem), which are hydrolyzed much less efficiently by all the mutants, with IMP-1 being the most active. G262V, S121G, F218Y, and F218I improve conversion of type I substrates, whereas G262A and IMP-1 improve conversion of type II substrates, indicating two distinct evolutionary adaptations from IMP-6. Substrate structure may explain the catalytic efficiencies observed. Type I substrates have R2 electron donors, which may stabilize the substrate intermediate in the binding pocket and lead to enhanced activity. In contrast, the absence of these stabilizing interactions with type II substrates may result in poor conversion and increased sensitivity to mutations. This observation may assist future drug design. As the G262A and F218Y mutants confer effective resistance to Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells (high minimal inhibitory concentrations), they are likely to evolve naturally.Item Open Access On attempts at solvolytic generation of aryl cations(1976) Subramanian, Lakshminarayanapuram R.; Hanack, Michael; Chang, Lawrence W. K.; Imhoff, Michael A.; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Effenberger, Franz; Kurtz, Walter; Stang, Peter; Dueber, Thomas E.The solvolysis of phenyl triflate (3), phenyl nonaflate (4), o-methylphenyl nonaflate (5), o-cyclopropylphenyl nonaflate (6), o-methoxyphenyl triflate (7), 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl triflate (S), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl triflate (9), 33- dimethoxyphenyl triflate (lo), 3,5-dicyclopropylphenyl triflate (11), 3,5-di(2-methylcyclopropyl)phenyl triflate (12), 2,4,6-tricyclopropylphenyltr iflate (13), and 2,4,6-triisopropylphenytlr iflate (14) were examined in great detail under a wide variety of conditions. In highly polar nonnucleophilic solvents no reaction was observed and the unreacted triflates were recovered quantitatively. In the presence of nucleophiles or nucleophilic solvents the sole products observed were the corresponding phenols. Careful labeling and product studies showed that these phenols arose by nucleophilic attack on sulfur and S-0 bond cleavage. We have not been able to find any evidence for aryl cation intermediates.Item Open Access Properties of amphiphilic terminally substituted conjugated nonaene- and 2-docosylnonaene carboxylic acids in monolayers at the air-water interface(1991) Effenberger, Franz; Meller, Paul; Ringsdorf, Helmut; Schlosser, HubertIn the present communication, we report thesynthesis of conjugated nonaene- and 2-docosylnonaene carboxylic acids with different terminal substituents. These substituents have been chosen so that their spectroscopic properties differ from those of the polyene chain; they also have specific electron donor, electron acceptor or redox properties to allow for specific and selective excitation (energy intake). Because of the amphiphilic character of these compounds, pressure-area isotherms were determined in monolayers at the air-water interface.Item Open Access A novel synthetic route to L-proline (Amino acids ; 7)(1986) Drauz, Karl-Heinz; Kleemann, Axel; Martens, Jürgen; Scherberich, Paul; Effenberger, FranzReaction of L-5-oxoproline esters L-2 with phosgene at 0° C gives L-5,51-dichloro-1-(chlorocarbonyl)proliene esters L-6 ,which readily lose hydrogen chloride to form L-5-chloro-1-(chloroarbonyl)-4,5-dehydroproline esters L-7. Catalytic hydrogenation (Pd/C, 180 bar) of L-7 yields L-1-(chlorocarbonyl)proline esters L-15 and thence, upon hydrolysis, L-proline ( L17 ). A "one-pot reaction" for the whole sequence is described, starting from easily accessible L-5-oxoproline esters and yielding L-proline in 78% overall yield and 99.7% optical purity.Item Open Access Experimental and theoretical aspects of the formation of radical cations from tripyrrolidinobenzenes and their follow-up reactions(1990) Effenberger, Franz; Stohrer, Wolf-Dieter; Mack, Karl Ernst; Reisinger, Friedrich; Seufert, Walter; Kramer, Horst E.A.; Föll, Rudolf; Vogelmann, EkehardtTripyrrolidinobenzene radical cations(1*+), obtained from the corresponding arenes by oxidation with silver nitrate, are specially stabilized and thus allow specific reaction pathways of arene radical cations to be investigated separately and individually. Radical cations 1*+ ,for instance, generated under exclusion of oxygen, undergo dimerization to 2, or they abstract hydrogen from the solvent to form 3. In a pure oxygen atmosphere, the O2 reaction products 6 and 7 are formed, respectively, either exclusively or together with 2 and 3. Kinetic measurements give the following order of reactivity for these individual processes: reaction with O2 > dimerization. > H-abstraction from solvent. The changes in the product spectrum upon modification of the reaction conditions are in accord with the kinetic results. The dimeric u complexes 2 show surprisingly facile dissociation into two radical cations, two (1*+)with a much higher dissociation rate for the alkyl derivatives 2b-d than for 2a. Dissociation is enhanced substantially by light or in the presence of π donors. Individual product formation, rate of reactions of the radical cations 1*+, and photochemical cleavage of the dimeric σ complexes 2 can be rationalized, by qualitative and quantitative MO considerations, in terms of their relative frontier orbital energies.Item Open Access Microbial P450 enzymes in biotechnology(2004) Urlacher, Vlada B.; Lutz-Wahl, Sabine; Schmid, Rolf D.Oxidations are key reactions in chemical syntheses. Biooxidations using fermentation processes have already conquered some niches in industrial oxidation processes, since they allow the introduction of oxygen even into non-activated carbon atoms in a sterically and optically selective manner which is difficult or impossible to achieve by synthetic organic chemistry. Biooxidation using isolated enzymes is limited to oxidases and dehydrogenases. Surprisingly, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) have scarcely been studied for use in biooxidations, although they are one of the largest known superfamilies of enzyme proteins. Their gene sequences have been identified in various organisms such as humans, bacteria, algae, fungi and plants. The reactions catalyzed by P450s are quite diverse and range from biosynthetic pathways (e.g. those of animal hormones and secondary plant metabolites) to the activation or biodegradation of hydrophobic xenobiotic compounds (e. g. those of various drugs in the liver of higher animals). From a practical point of view, the great potential of P450s is limited by their functional complexity, low activity, and limited stability. In addition, P450-catalyzed reactions require a constant supply of NAD(P)H which makes continuous cell-free processes very expensive. Quite recently, several groups have started to investigate cost-efficient ways which could allow the continuous supply of electrons to the heme iron. These include, for example, the use of electron mediators, direct electron supply from electrodes and enzymatic approaches. In addition, methods of protein design and directed evolution have been applied in an attempt to enhance the activity of the enzymes and improve their selectivity. The promising application of bacterial P450s as catalyzing agents in biocatalytic reactions and recent progress made in this field are covered in this review.Item Open Access Über die Reaktion von 2,2-Dimethylpropylidinphosphan mit Wolframhexachlorid : die Kristallstrukturen von [(Cl3PO)WCl4(H9C4-C≡C-C4H9)] und [(H5C6)4As][WCl6](1983) Uhl, Gudrun; Hey, Evamarie; Becker, Gerd; Weller, Frank; Dehnicke, KurtDie Reaktion von 2,2-Dimethylpropylidinphosphan, (CH3)3C-C ≡P|, mit Wolframhexachlorid als Suspension in POCl 3 führt unter Oxydation des Phosphors zu 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhex-3-in, das mit zugleich entstandenem Wolframtetrachlorid den durch POCl 3 solvatisierten, dunkelgrünen Alkinkomplex [(Cl3PO)WCl4(HgC4-C≡C-C4Hg)] bildet. Ein Teil des Wolframhexachlorids wird nur zu Wolframpentachlorid reduziert und kann nach Zugabe von Tetraphenylarsoniumchlorid als [(H5C6)4As][WCl6] isoliert werden. Für diese Verbindung wird eine neue, sehr einfache Synthese aus WCl6, [(H5C6)4As]Cl und C2Cl4 als Reduktionsmittel beschrieben.Die Struktur von [(Cl3PO)WCl4(H9C4-C≡C-C4H9)] wurde mit Hilfe von Röntgenbeugungsdaten ermittelt (R = 5,8%). Der Komplex kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/n mit: {a = 1510; b = 1517; c = 849 pm; β 93,1°, Z = 4}. Das Wolframatom ist durch vier äquatorial angeordnete Chloratome, durch die C°C-Gruppe des Acetylen-Liganden und in trans-Position hierzu durch das Sauerstoffatom des POCl3-Moleküls siebenfach koordiniert. Der fast symmetrisch gebundene, voluminöse Acetylenligand drückt die Chloratome in Richtung auf das solvatisierte POCl3-Molekül weg, so daß keine gemeinsame Ebene mit dem Wolframatom möglich ist. Die C°C-Bindungslänge des 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhex-3-in-Liganden entspricht mit 130 pm dem für eine C°C-Doppelbindung typischen Wert.Das IR-Spektrum von [(H5C6)4As][WCl6] läßt zwei WCl6-Valenzschwingungen erkennen und beweist damit die Verzerrung des regulären Oktaeders. Nach der Kristallstrukturbestimmung (Raumgruppe P4/n; a = 1301; c = 780 pm; Z = 2; R = 2,7%) besitzt das [WCl6]−-Ion annähernd C4V-Symmetrie mit etwas kürzeren W-Cl-Bindungslängen entlang der vierzähligen Drehachse.Item Open Access Molekül- und Kristallstruktur des Methyl[(N-phenyl,N-trimethylsilyl)thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphans (Acyl- und Alkylidenphosphane ; 27)(1985) Becker, Gerd; Massa, Werner; Schmidt, Roland E.; Uhl, GudrunDas durch Addition von Methylbis(trimethylsilyl)phosphan an Phenylisothiocyanat gebildete [1] Methyl[(N-phenyl,N-trimethylsilyl)thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphan 1a kristallisiert monoklin in der zentrosymmetrischen Raumgruppe P21/n mit folgenden, bei einer Meßtemperatur von -80 ± 3°C bestimmten Abmessungen der Elementarzelle: a=1041,2(4); b=1706,9(12); c=1001,1(6) pm; β-106,41(4)°; Z = 4. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse (Rw = 0,039) bestätigt die bereits aus den NMR-Spektren abgeleitete Konstitution der Verbindung mit an Phosphor- und sp2-hybridisiertes Stickstoffatom gebundenen Trimethylsilyl-Gruppen. Charakteristische gerundete Bindungslängen und -winkel sind: P-Si 231, P-CH3 184, P-C(S) 187, C=S 167, N-C(S) 137 und N-Si 181pm sowie P-C-S 122°, P-C-N 117° und S-C-N 121°.Item Open Access Durch Überexpression in der Hefe Pichia pastoris zu erhöhter Enantioselektivität : ein neues Kapitel in der Anwendung von Schweineleberesterase(2001) Musidlowska, Anna; Lange, Stefan; Bornscheuer, Uwe TheoLipases and Esterases can be used as efficient biocatalysts for the preparation of a wide variety of optically pure compounds. Whereas a range of lipases - especially of microbial origin - are commercially available, only a few esterases can be obtained for the kinetic resolution of racemates or desymmetrization. In the majority of publications, pig liver esterase (PLE) is used, which is isolated from pig liver by extraction. Although it could be demonstrated, that this preparation can convert a broad range of compounds at partially very high stereoselectivity, its application is encountered with a number of disadvantages.Item Open Access "In gel patch electrophoresis" : a new method for environmental DNA purification(2005) Roh, Changhyun; Villatte, Francois; Kim, Byung-Gee; Schmid, Rolf D.Most of the microorganism species are largely untapped and could represent an interesting reservoir of genes useful for biotechnological applications. Unfortunately, a major difficulty associated with the methods used to isolate environmental DNA is related to the contamination of the extracted material with humic substances. These polyphenolic compounds inhibit the DNA processing reactions and severely impede cloning procedures. In this work, we describe a rapid, simple and efficient method for the purification of genomic DNA from environmental samples: we added a chromatography step directly embedded into an agarose gel electrophoresis. This strategy enabled the DNA extraction from various environmental samples and it appeared that the purity grade was compatible with digestion by restriction enzymes and PCR amplifications.