03 Fakultät Chemie
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Item Open Access The Lipase Engineering Database – a navigation and analysis tool for protein families(2003) Fischer, Markus; Pleiss, JürgenThe Lipase Engineering Database (http://www.led.uni-stuttgart.de) integrates information on sequence, structure, and function of lipases, esterases, and related proteins. Sequence data on 806 protein entries are assigned to 38 homologous families, which are grouped into 16 superfamilies with no global sequence similarity between each other. For each family, multisequence alignments are provided with functionally relevant residues annotated. Pre-calculated phylogenetic trees allow navigation inside superfamilies. Experimental structures of 45 proteins are superposed and consistently annotated. The Lipase Engineering Database has been applied to systematically analyze sequence-structure-function relationships of this vast and diverse enzyme class. It is a useful tool to identify functionally relevant residues apart from the active site residues, and to design mutants with desired substrate specificity.Item Open Access How to find soluble proteins : a comprehensive analysis of alpha/beta hydrolases for recombinant expression in E. coli(2005) Koschorreck, Markus; Fischer, Markus; Barth, Sandra; Pleiss, JürgenBackground: In screening of libraries derived by expression cloning, expression of active proteinsin E. coli can be limited by formation of inclusion bodies. In these cases it would be desirable to enrich gene libraries for coding sequences with soluble gene products in E. coli and thus to improve the efficiency of screening. Previously Wilkinson and Harrison showed that solubility can be predicted from amino acid composition (Biotechnology 1991, 9(5):443-448). We have applied this analysis to members of the alpha/beta hydrolase fold family to predict their solubility in E. coli. alpha/beta hydrolases are a highly diverse family with more than 1800 proteins which have been grouped into homologous families and superfamilies. Results: The predicted solubility in E. coli depends on hydrolase size, phylogenetic origin of the host organism, the homologous family and the superfamily, to which the hydrolase belongs. In general small hydrolases are predicted to be more soluble than large hydrolases, and eukaryotic hydrolases are predicted to be less soluble in E. coli than prokaryotic ones. However, combining phylogenetic origin and size leads to more complex conclusions. Hydrolases from prokaryotic, fungal and metazoan origin are predicted to be most soluble if they are of small, medium and large size, respectively. We observed large variations of predicted solubility between hydrolases from different homologous families and from different taxa. Conclusion: A comprehensive analysis of all alpha/beta hydrolase sequences allows more efficient screenings for new soluble alpha/beta hydrolases by the use of libraries which contain more soluble gene products. Screening of hydrolases from families whose members are hard to express as soluble proteins in E. coli should first be done in coding sequences of organisms from phylogenetic groups with the highest average of predicted solubility for proteins of this family. The tools developed here can be used to identify attractive target genes for expression using protein sequences published in databases. This analysis also directs the design of degenerate, family- specific primers to amplify new members from homologous families or superfamilies with a high probability of soluble alpha/beta hydrolases.Item Open Access Molecular modelling of family GH16 glycoside hydrolases : potential roles for xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases in cell wall modification in the Poaceae(2004) Strohmeier, Marco; Hrmova, Maria; Fischer, Markus; Harvey, Andrew J.; Pleiss, Jürgen; Fincher, Geoffrey B.Family GH16 glycoside hydrolases can be assigned to five sub-groups according to their substrate specificities, including xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs), (1,3)-β- galactanases, (1,4)-β-galactanases/κ-carrageenases, “non-specific” (1,3/1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan endohydrolases and (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan endohydrolases. A structured family GH16 glycoside hydrolase database has been constructed (http://www.ghdb.uni-stuttgart.de) and provides multiple sequence alignments with functionally annotated amino acid residues and phylogenetic trees. The database has been used for homology modelling of seven family GH16 glycoside hydrolases, based on structural coordinates for (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan endohydrolases and a κ-carrageenase. In combination with multiple sequence alignments, the models predict the three-dimensional dispositions of amino acid residues in the substrate-binding and catalytic sites of XTHs and (1,3/1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan endohydrolases, for which no structural information is available. Furthermore, they reveal similarities with the active sites of family GH11 (1,4)-β-D-xylan endohydrolases. From a biological viewpoint, the classification and molecular modelling establish structural and evolutionary connections between XTHs, (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan endohydrolases and xylan endohydrolases, and raise the possibility that XTHs from higher plants could be active not only on cell wall xyloglucans, but also on (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans and arabinoxylans, which are major components of walls in grasses. A role for XTHs in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan and arabinoxylan modification would be consistent with the apparent over-representation of XTH sequences in cereal EST databases.Item Open Access Sequence and structure of epoxide hydrolases : a systematic analysis(2004) Barth, Sandra; Fischer, Markus; Schmid, Rolf D.; Pleiss, JürgenEpoxide hydrolases (EC 3.3.2.3) are ubiquitous enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of epoxides to the corresponding vicinal diols. Over 100 epoxide hydrolases (EH) have been identified or predicted, 3 structures are available. Although they catalyze the same chemical reaction, sequence similarity is low. To identify conserved regions, all EHs were aligned. Phylogenetic analysis identified 12 homologous families, which were grouped into 2 major superfamilies: the microsomal EH superfamily, which includes the homologous families of Mammalian, Insect, Fungal, and Bacterial EHs, and the cytosolic EH superfamily, which includes Mammalian, Plant, and Bacterial EHs. Bacterial EHs show a high sequence diversity. Based on structure comparison of 3 known structures from Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 (cytosolic EH), Aspergillus niger (microsomal EH), and Mus musculus (cytosolic EH), and multisequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of 95 EHs, the modular architecture of this enzyme family was analyzed. While core and cap domain are highly conserved, the structural differences between the EHs are restricted to only 2 loops: the NC-loop connecting the core and the cap and the cap-loop which is inserted into the cap domain. EHs were assigned to either of 3 clusters based on loop length. Using this classification, core and cap region of all EHs, NC-loops and cap-loops of 78% and 89% of all EHs, respectively, could be modeled. Representative models are available from the Lipase Engineering Database, http://www.led.uni-stuttgart.de.Item Open Access The database of epoxide hydrolases and haloalkane dehalogenases: one structure, many functions(2004) Barth, Sandra; Fischer, Markus; Schmid, Rolf D.; Pleiss, JürgenThe epoxide hydrolases and haloalkane dehalogenase database (EH/HD) integrates sequence and structure of a highly diverse protein family including mainly the Asp-hydrolases of EHs and HDs but also proteins like the Ser-hydrolases non-heme peroxidases, prolyl iminopetidases or 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolases. These proteins have a highly conserved structure, but display a remarkable diversity in sequence and function. 305 protein entries were assigned to 14 homologous families, forming two superfamilies. Annotated multisequence alignments and phylogenetic trees are provided for each homologous family and superfamily. Experimentally derived structures of 19 proteins are superposed and consistently annotated. Sequence and structure of all 305 proteins were systematically analysed. Thus, deeper insight is gained into the role of a highly conserved sequence motifs and structural elements. The EH/HD database is available at http://www.led.uni-stuttgart.de.