03 Fakultät Chemie

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/handle/11682/4

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Start date: 2000

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 1174
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    Designing covalent organic framework‐based light‐driven microswimmers toward therapeutic applications
    (2023) Sridhar, Varun; Yildiz, Erdost; Rodríguez‐Camargo, Andrés; Lyu, Xianglong; Yao, Liang; Wrede, Paul; Aghakhani, Amirreza; Akolpoglu, Birgul M.; Podjaski, Filip; Lotsch, Bettina V.; Sitti, Metin
    While micromachines with tailored functionalities enable therapeutic applications in biological environments, their controlled motion and targeted drug delivery in biological media require sophisticated designs for practical applications. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new generation of crystalline and nanoporous polymers, offer new perspectives for light‐driven microswimmers in heterogeneous biological environments including intraocular fluids, thus setting the stage for biomedical applications such as retinal drug delivery. Two different types of COFs, uniformly spherical TABP‐PDA‐COF sub‐micrometer particles and texturally nanoporous, micrometer‐sized TpAzo‐COF particles are described and compared as light‐driven microrobots. They can be used as highly efficient visible‐light‐driven drug carriers in aqueous ionic and cellular media. Their absorption ranging down to red light enables phototaxis even in deeper and viscous biological media, while the organic nature of COFs ensures their biocompatibility. Their inherently porous structures with ≈2.6  and ≈3.4 nm pores, and large surface areas allow for targeted and efficient drug loading even for insoluble drugs, which can be released on demand. Additionally, indocyanine green (ICG) dye loading in the pores enables photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography, and hyperthermia in operando conditions. This real‐time visualization of the drug‐loaded COF microswimmers enables unique insights into the action of photoactive porous drug carriers for therapeutic applications.
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    Counterion effects on the mesomorphic and electrochemical properties of guanidinium salts
    (2024) Ebert, Max; Lange, Alyna; Müller, Michael; Wuckert, Eugen; Gießelmann, Frank; Klamroth, Tillmann; Zens, Anna; Taubert, Andreas; Laschat, Sabine
    Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) combine the ion mobility of ionic liquids with the order and self-assembly of thermotropic mesophases. To understand the role of the anion in ILCs, wedge-shaped arylguanidinium salts with tetradecyloxy side chains were chosen as benchmark systems and their liquid crystalline self-assembly in the bulk phase as well as their electrochemical behavior in solution were studied depending on the anion. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) experiments revealed that for spherical anions, the phase width of the hexagonal columnar mesophase increased with the anion size, while for non-spherical anions, the trends were less clear cut. Depending on the anion, the ILCs showed different stability towards electrochemical oxidation and reduction with the most stable being the PF6 based compound. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest a possible contribution of the guanidinium cation to the oxidation processes.
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    Confirmation of siderazot, Fe3N1.33, the only terrestrial nitride mineral
    (2021) Bette, Sebastian; Theye, Thomas; Bernhardt, Heinz-Jürgen; Clark, William P.; Niewa, Rainer
    Siderazot, the only terrestrial nitride mineral, was reported only once in 1876 to occur as coating on volcanic rocks in a fumarolic environment from Mt. Etna and, to date, has been neither confirmed nor structurally characterized. We have studied the holotype sample from the Natural History Museum, London, UK, originally collected by O. Silvestri in 1874, and present siderazot with epsilon-Fe3N-type crystal structure and composition of Fe3N1.33(7) according to crystal structure Rietveld refinements, in good agreement with electron microprobe analyses. Crystal structure data, chemical composition, and Raman and reflectance measurements are reported. Possible formation conditions are derived from composition and phase stability data according to synthetic samples.
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    Regulation of the catalytic activity and specificity of DNA nucleotide methyltransferase 1
    (2014) Bashtrykov, Pavel; Jeltsch, Albert (Prof. Dr.)
    DNA nucleotide methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is mainly responsible for the maintenance of DNA methylation in mammals and plays a crucial role in the epigenetic control of gene expression. Dnmt1 recognizes and methylates hemimethylated CpG sites formed during DNA replication. In the present work, the mechanistic details of the substrate recognition by the catalytic domain of Dnmt1, the possible role of the CXXC and RFTS domains of Dnmt1 in the regulation of specificity and activity of Dnmt1, and the influence of the Ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing 1 (Uhrf1) protein on the enzymatic properties of Dnmt1 was investigated. Using modified substrates, the functional roles of individual contacts of the Dnmt1 catalytic domain with the CpG site of the DNA substrate were analysed. The data show that the interaction with the 5-methylcytosine:guanine pair is required for the catalytic activity of Dnmt1, whereas the contacts to the non-target strand guanine are not important, since its replacement with adenine increased the activity of Dnmt1. It was proposed that the CXXC domain binding to unmethylated CpG sites increases the specificity of Dnmt1 for hemimethylated DNA. Our data showed that the CXXC domain does not influence the enzyme’s specificity in the full-length Dnmt1. In contrast, mutagenesis in the catalytic domain introducing an M1235S exchange resulted in a significant reduction in specificity. Therefore, the readout for the hemimethylated DNA occurs within its catalytic domain. It was observed in a crystal structure that the RFTS domain of Dnmt1 inhibits the activity of the enzyme by binding to the catalytic domain and blocking the entry of the DNA. By amino acid substitution in the RFTS domain its positioning within the catalytic domain was destabilized and a corresponding increase in the catalytic rate was observed, which supports this concept and suggests a possible mechanism to allosterically regulate the activity of Dnmt1 in cells. Uhrf1 has been shown to target Dnmt1 to replicated DNA, which is essential for DNA methylation. Here it is demonstrated that Uhrf1 as well as its isolated SRA domain increase the activity and specificity of Dnmt1 in an allosteric mechanism. The stimulatory effect was independent of the SRA domain’s ability to bind hemimethylated DNA. The RFTS domain of Dnmt1 is required for the stimulation, since its deletion or blocking of its interaction with the SRA domain, significantly reduced the ability of Uhrf1 to increase the activity and specificity of Dnmt1. Uhrf1, therefore, plays multiple roles that support DNA methylation including targeting of Dnmt1, its stimulation and an increase of its specificity.
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    Highly active cooperative Lewis acid : ammonium salt catalyst for the enantioselective hydroboration of ketones
    (2021) Titze, Marvin; Heitkämper, Juliane; Junge, Thorsten; Kästner, Johannes; Peters, René
    Enantiopure secondary alcohols are fundamental high‐value synthetic building blocks. One of the most attractive ways to get access to this compound class is the catalytic hydroboration. We describe a new concept for this reaction type that allowed for exceptional catalytic turnover numbers (up to 15 400), which were increased by around 1.5-3 orders of magnitude compared to the most active catalysts previously reported. In our concept an aprotic ammonium halide moiety cooperates with an oxophilic Lewis acid within the same catalyst molecule. Control experiments reveal that both catalytic centers are essential for the observed activity. Kinetic, spectroscopic and computational studies show that the hydride transfer is rate limiting and proceeds via a concerted mechanism, in which hydride at Boron is continuously displaced by iodide, reminiscent to an SN2 reaction. The catalyst, which is accessible in high yields in few steps, was found to be stable during catalysis, readily recyclable and could be reused 10 times still efficiently working.
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    Strukturelle, elektrochemische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen von bioinspirierten Modellkomplexen mit N,S-Liganden
    (2010) Schnödt, Johannes; Kaim, Wolfgang (Prof. Dr.)
    Durch die strukturelle Aufklärung der aktiven Zentren von Proteinen und Enzymen hat sich ein interdisziplinäres Forschungsgebiet entwickelt, das versucht entsprechende Modellsysteme als Katalysatoren zu nutzen. Insbesondere Elektronen übertragende Proteine, wie Plastocyanin sowie oxygenierende Enzyme, wie die Peptidylglycin-a-hydroxylierende Monooxygenase, die einen Redoxprozess und einen Sauerstofftransfer verbinden, sind in den Blickpunkt gerückt. In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die Synthesen und die strukturellen Aufklärungen von bioinspirierten Modellkomplexen mit stickstoff- und schwefelhaltigen Liganden ausführlich beschrieben. Neben den spektroskopischen Eigenschaften dieser Komplexe liegt der Fokus auf den Untersuchungen der elektrochemischen Eigenschaften dieser Redoxsysteme im besonderen Maße im Hinblick auf die Rolle des Schwefels.
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    Experimental and computational phase studies of the ZrO2-based systems for thermal barrier coatings
    (2006) Wang,Chong; Aldinger, Fritz (Prof.)
    The ZrO2-based materials are practically important as the thermal barrier coatings (TBC) for high temperature gas turbines, due to their low thermal conductivity, high temperature thermal stability and excellent interfacial compatibility. Studies of the phase equilibira, phase transformation, and thermodynamics of the ZrO2-based systems can provide the necessary basic knowledge to develop the next generation TBC materials. In the thesis, the systems ZrO2 - HfO2, ZrO2 - LaO1.5, ZrO2 - NdO1.5, ZrO2 - SmO1.5, ZrO2 - GdO1.5, ZrO2 - DyO1.5, ZrO2 - YbO1.5 and ZrO2 - GdO1.5 - YO1.5 were experimentally studied. The samples were prepared by the chemical co-precipitation method, with aqueous solutions Zr(CH3COO)4, HfO(NO3)2, and RE(NO3)3×xH2O (RE=La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Yb) as starting materials. Various experimental techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and high temperature calorimetry were employed to study the phase transformation, phase equilibria between 1400 and 1700°C, heat content and heat capacity of the materials. A lot of contradictions in the literature were resolved and the phase diagrams were reconstructed.
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    Synthese und Charakterisierung teilfluorierter Poly(aryl)-Ionomere als Polymerelektrolytmembranen für Brennstoffzellen und ESR-spektroskopische Untersuchung der radikalinduzierten Degradation von Modellverbindungen
    (2008) Schönberger, Frank; Roduner, Emil (Prof. Dr.)
    Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden zunächst verschiedene Strategien zum Aufbau sulfonierter teilfluorierter Poly(aryl)e entwickelt und synthetisch umgesetzt. Konzeptionell liegt dabei die Hypothese zugrunde, dass sich teilfluorierte Poly(aryl)-Ionomere gegenüber nichtfluorierten durch eine erhöhte Acidität auszeichnen. Außerdem weisen sie eine höhere Bindungsdissoziationsenergie sowohl der C-F-Bindungen als auch der benachbarten C-H-Bindungen auf, womit ein Gewinn an radikalischer und somit chemischer und thermischer Stabilität einhergeht. Um den Einfluss der chemischen Struktur der jeweiligen (teilfluorierten) Monomerbausteine zu untersuchen, werden zunächst homo-Polymere mit verschiedenen Struktureinheiten (mit aromatischen C-F-Bindungen, C(CF3)2-verbrückten und CF3-substitutierten Phenylenringen) durch Polykondensation synthetisiert und charakterisiert (Elementaranalyse, NMR-Spektroskopie, Gelpermeationschromatographie). Zur gezielten Synthese der Monomere werden bekannte organische Reaktionen, wie die Balz-Schiemann-Reaktion, Suzuki-Reaktion und die Ullmann-Biarylsynthese, angewandt. Nach Sulfonierung der homo-Polymere werden (ionisch-vernetzte) Membranen hergestellt und hinsichtlich Eignung als Polymerelektrolytmembran für Brennstoffzellen charakterisiert (Ionenaustauscherkapazität, Protonenleitfähigkeit, thermische und chemische Stabilität, Wasseraufnahme, Längenänderung). Neben der chemischen Natur der Monomere ist auch deren Anordnung im Polymer bzw. Ionomer für die Eigenschaften der hergestellten Membranen wichtig. Aus diesem Grunde werden mikrophasenseparierte Block-co-Ionomere, ausgehend von hydrophilen (sulfonierten) und hydrophoben (teilfluorierten) telechelen Makromonomeren, synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Dabei werden sowohl der Einfluss der jeweiligen Blocklänge als auch der chemischen Natur der eingesetzten Monomere auf die Membraneigenschaften vergleichend untersucht. Auf der Grundlage der in diesem Teil der Arbeit gewonnen Erkenntnisse werden die Vor- und Nachteile teilfluorierter Ionomermembranen analysiert und diskutiert. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit der ESR-spektroskopischen Untersuchung der radikalinduzierten Degradation von Modellverbindungen, denen Struktureinheiten einiger im ersten Teil der Arbeit hergestellten Poly(aryl)-Ionomere entsprechen. Diese Modellverbindungen werden in einer Durchflusszelle Hydroxyl- und Hydroperoxylradikalen ausgesetzt, welche direkt im Hohlraumresonator eines ESR-Spektrometers durch Photolyse von Wasserstoffperoxid erzeugt werden. Mit diesem Aufbau können verschiedene Parameter (wie die Hydroxylradikal- und Monomerkonzentration, die Durchflussrate und der pH-Wert) gezielt variiert werden und so deren Einflüsse in Bezug auf die Produktbildung der aromatischen Modellverbindungen mit den Hydroxylradikalen abgeschätzt werden. Aus diesen Untersuchungen lassen sich Rückschlüsse auf mögliche Radikalreaktionen des Poly(aryl)-Ionomers ziehen und damit Aussagen in Bezug auf zu vermeidende strukturelle Merkmale (z.B. Art der Endgruppen der Ionomere) und zu vermeidende Bedingungen (z.B. pH-Wertschwankungen in der Membran) treffen.