10 Fakultät Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften
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Item Open Access Abenteuer "Parallellaufbahn"(1994) Reiß, MichaelDer klassischen Spezialistenlaufbahn wird der Trend zur Generalisten- und Projektlaufbahn gegenübergestellt. Parallellaufbahnen unterstützen die Bemühungen um ein individualisiertes Führungssystem. Sie richtet sich an Mitarbeiter, die fachlich hervorragend sind, aber als "Häuptling" nicht geeignet sind. Die Qualifikationsanforderungen sind dabei Sozialkompetenz für Teamarbeit, die Fähigkeit, Expertisen in die Projektarbeit einzubringen und methodisch und fachlich breitgefächerte Qualifikation.Item Open Access Active exoskeleton reduces erector spinae muscle activity during lifting(2023) Walter, Tobias; Stutzig, Norman; Siebert, TobiasMusculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are a widespread problem, often regarding the lumbar region. Exoskeletons designed to support the lower back could be used in physically demanding professions with the intention of reducing the strain on the musculoskeletal system, e.g., by lowering task-related muscle activation. The present study aims to investigate the effect of an active exoskeleton on back muscle activity when lifting weights. Within the framework of the study, 14 subjects were asked to lift a 15 kg box with and without an active exoskeleton which allows the adjustment of different levels of support, while the activity of their M. erector spinae (MES) was measured using surface electromyography. Additionally, the subjects were asked about their overall rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during lifting under various conditions. Using the exoskeleton with the maximum level of support, the muscle activity was significantly lower than without exoskeleton. A significant correlation was found between the exoskeleton’s support level and the reduction of MES activity. The higher the support level, the lower the observed muscle activity. Furthermore, when lifting with the maximum level of support, RPE was found to be significantly lower than without exoskeleton too. A reduction in the MES activity indicates actual support for the movement task and might indicate lower compression forces in the lumbar region. It is concluded that the active exoskeleton supports people noticeably when lifting heavy weights. Exoskeletons seem to be a powerful tool for reducing load during physically demanding jobs and thus, their use might be helpful in lowering the risk of MSD.Item Open Access Adaptive training of the mental rotation ability in an immersive virtual environment(2021) Ariali, Sunita; Zinn, BerndItem Open Access Agilität in wissensintensiven Organisationen : von der Produkt- zur Dienstleistungsorientierung(2017) Mahringer, Christian A.; Gabler, Michael; Renzl, BirgitAgilität gilt heutzutage als Schlüsselfähigkeit, mit der Organisationen erfolgreich in dynamischen Umwelten überleben können. Es ist jedoch bislang unbekannt, wie komplexe, wissensintensive Organisationen Agilität fördern können. Eckpfeiler agiler Organisationen sind die Etablierung ambidextrer Strukturen und deren Vernetzung sowie eine ausgeprägte Dienstleistungsorientierung.Item Open Access Altern, Fitness, Wohlbefinden und körperliche Aktivität(2007) Schlicht, WolfgangWährend die meisten Menschen in den Industrienationen lange leben möchten, fürchten sie dennoch zugleich den biologisch bedingten und den mit dem Altern beschleunigten Abbau und Verlust an körperlicher wie geistiger Funktionstüchtigkeit. Die gerontologische und insbesondere die geronto-psychologische Forschung haben in den vergangenen Jahren überzeugende Belege gesammelt, dass das Altern – als ein epigenetisch moduliertes Phänomen – aber auch gelingen kann. Das subjektive Wohlbefinden ist ein Kriterium, das über das Gelingen oder das Misslingen entscheidet.Körperliche und geistige Aktivität sind Verhaltensweisen, die zum Gelingen beitragen.Welches Maß an körperlicher Aktivität ist ausreichend, wie lässt sich Aktivität reliabel,also zuverlässig erfassen, wie aktiv sind ältere Menschen? Das sind einige der Fragen,die der Beitrag beantwortet.Item Open Access Analysis of the microclimatic and biodiversity-enhancing functions of a living wall prototype for more-than-human conviviality in cities(2023) Bornschlegl, Sebastian; Krause, Pia; Kropp, Cordula; Leistner, PhilipThis study analyzes the growing trend of urban green infrastructures, particularly green façade systems, in terms of their infrastructural relationships between nature and culture and their potential to act as bioclimatic layers mediating between the needs of flora, fauna and human habitation. An interdisciplinary approach is taken by combining the perspectives of social and engineering sciences to discuss the contribution of green façade systems for more-than-human conviviality in cities. Green infrastructures can support this endeavor by enabling functions that help to integrate the heterogeneity typical for semi-natural structures into urban ones, especially regarding microclimatic and biodiversity-enhancing functions. The theoretical distinction between “gray”, “green”, and “revolutionary” infrastructure is used to differentiate between conventional and posthumanist conceptualizations of urban naturecultures. The performance of the UNA TERRA living wall prototype as a green and revolutionary infrastructure is evaluated. The results show that the living wall has beneficial microclimatic effects and adds a heterogeneous habitat structure that supports biodiversity in the urban context. By adhering to “egalitarian humility” in design, the uncertainty and openness of more-than-human conviviality are acknowledged. The study finds that green infrastructures such as green façade systems can fulfill the criteria of revolutionary infrastructure if the contribution to local biodiversity and structural complexity is prioritized and the heterogeneous interrelations between human and non-human actors are taken into account.Item Open Access Anerkennung oder Nicht-Anerkennung - das war die Frage. Indien im deutsch-deutschen Kalten Krieg 1952-1972(2001) Voigt, Johannes H.Das 1947 unabhängig gewordene Indien ließ seinen Botschafter im Frühjahr 1951 in Bonn akkreditieren, die Bundesrepublik den ihren ein Jahr später in New Delhi. Die indische Regierung lehnte damals einen von Ost-Berlin gewünschten Botschafteraustausch ab, obgleich sie mit anderen kommunistischen Staaten diplomatische Beziehungen aufnahm. Es dauerte zwanzig Jahre, bis die Regierung in New Delhi auch die in Ost–Berlin voll anerkannte.Item Open Access Anpassung, Integration oder Polarisierung? - Zur Entwicklung der politischen Kultur im vereinigten Deutschland(1996) Gabriel, Oscar W.Zum Zeitpunkt der Vereinigung Deutschlands hofften Optimisten, die kulturelle Entwicklung in den neuen Bundesländern würde grosso modo dem in der alten Bundesrepublik in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren eingeschlagenen Weg folgen. Die Bemühungen der DDR-Führung, die offiziell propagierten Werte und Normen der sozialistischen Demokratie in der Bevölkerung durchzusetzen, seien gescheitert. Vielmehr 'gab es eine Fixierung auf den Westen, auf das dortige Fernsehen etwa. Liberal-demokratische Werte wurden nicht verdrängt beziehungsweise lebten wieder auf, als das Bekenntnis zu ihnen nicht mehr riskant schien'. Insofern erwartete man eine verhältnismäßig rasche und komplikationslose Angleichung der politischen Orientierungen an die neuen Strukturen. Zu einer skeptischeren Einschätzung gelangten Autoren, die auf die kulturellen Folgen der langjährigen nationalen Teilung verwiesen. Demnach waren die Bundesrepublik und die DDR während der Zeit der nationalen Teilung nicht allein in unterschiedliche wirtschaftlich-politische Allianzen, sondern auch in gegensätzliche Wertegemeinschaften hineingewachsen. Ungeachtet der Schwierigkeiten, mit denen das DDR-Regime beim Bemühen um die Unterstützung durch die Bevölkerung konfrontiert gewesen sein mag, konnte man sich kaum vorstellen, daß vierzig Jahre Sozialismus völlig folgenlos für das Verhältnis der Menschen zur Politik geblieben sein könnten. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnt die Annahme schwerwiegender Akkulturationsprobleme im vereinigten Deutschland in der Tat einiges an Plausibilität.Item Open Access Applying machine learning in sociology : how to predict gender and reveal research preferences(2022) Heiberger, Raphael H.Applications of machine learning (ML) in industry and natural sciences yielded some of the most impactful innovations of the last decade (for instance, artificial intelligence, gene prediction or search engines) and changed the everyday-life of many people. From a methodological perspective, we can differentiate between unsupervised machine learning (UML) and supervised machine learning (SML). While SML uses labeled data as input to train algorithms in order to predict outcomes of unlabeled data, UML detects underlying patterns in unlabeled observations by exploiting the statistical properties of the data. The possibilities of ML for analyzing large datasets are slowly finding their way into the social sciences; yet, it lacks systematic introductions into the epistemologically alien subject. I present applications of some of the most common methods for SML (i.e., logistic regression) and UML (i.e., topic models). A practical example offers social scientists a “how-to” description for utilizing both. With regard to SML, the case is made by predicting gender of a large dataset of sociologists. The proposed approach is based on open-source data and outperforms a popular commercial application (genderize.io). Utilizing the predicted gender in topic models reveals the stark thematic differences between male and female scholars that have been widely overlooked in the literature. By applying ML, hence, the empirical results shed new light on the longstanding question of gender-specific biases in academia.Item Open Access Appraisal of triglyceride-related markers as early predictors of metabolic outcomes in the PREVIEW lifestyle intervention : a controlled post-hoc trial(2021) Navas-Carretero, Santiago; San-Cristobal, Rodrigo; Siig Vestentoft, Pia; Brand-Miller, Jennie C.; Jalo, Elli; Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet; Simpson, Elizabeth J.; Handjieva-Darlenska, Teodora; Stratton, Gareth; Huttunen-Lenz, Maija; Lam, Tony; Muirhead, Roslyn; Poppitt, Sally; Pietiläinen, Kirsi H.; Adam, Tanja; Taylor, Moira A.; Handjiev, Svetoslav; McNarry, Melitta A.; Hansen, Sylvia; Brodie, Shannon; Silvestre, Marta P.; Macdonald, Ian A.; Boyadjieva, Nadka; Mackintosh, Kelly A.; Schlicht, Wolfgang; Liu, Amy; Larsen, Thomas M.; Fogelholm, Mikael; Raben, Anne; Martinez, J. AlfredoIndividuals with pre-diabetes are commonly overweight and benefit from dietary and physical activity strategies aimed at decreasing body weight and hyperglycemia. Early insulin resistance can be estimated via the triglyceride glucose index {TyG = Ln [TG (mg/dl) × fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (mg/dl)/2]} and the hypertriglyceridemic-high waist phenotype (TyG-waist), based on TyG x waist circumference (WC) measurements. Both indices may be useful for implementing personalized metabolic management. In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), we aimed to determine whether the differences in baseline TyG values and TyG-waist phenotype predicted individual responses to type-2 diabetes (T2D) prevention programs. The present post-hoc analyses were conducted within the Prevention of Diabetes through Lifestyle intervention and population studies in Europe and around the world (PREVIEW) study completers (n = 899), a multi-center RCT conducted in eight countries (NCT01777893). The study aimed to reduce the incidence of T2D in a population with pre-diabetes during a 3-year randomized intervention with two sequential phases. The first phase was a 2-month weight loss intervention to achieve ≥8% weight loss. The second phase was a 34-month weight loss maintenance intervention with two diets providing different amounts of protein and different glycemic indices, and two physical activity programs with different exercise intensities in a 2 x 2 factorial design. On investigation days, we assessed anthropometrics, glucose/lipid metabolism markers, and diet and exercise questionnaires under standardized procedures. Diabetes-related markers improved during all four lifestyle interventions. Higher baseline TyG index (p < 0.001) was associated with greater reductions in body weight, fasting glucose, and triglyceride (TG), while a high TyG-waist phenotype predicted better TG responses, particularly in those randomized to physical activity (PA) of moderate intensity. Two novel indices of insulin resistance (TyG and TyG-waist) may allow for a more personalized approach to avoiding progression to T2D.Item Open Access Das Arbeitgeberimage im Mittelpunkt - Campus Recruiting(2004) Bahner, Jens; Eisele, DanielaWas verbirgt sich hinter dem Begriff des Campus Recruiting? Welche Methoden und Instrumente empfiehlt die Wissenschaft und welche werden in der unternehmerischen Praxis genutzt? Welche Rolle spielt in diesem Rahmen das Arbeitgeberimage? Wie lässt sich das Bild eines Unternehmens als Arbeitgeber erfassen und abbilden? Wie sehen Imageprofile von Firmen der Region konkret aus? Und welche Empfehlungen lassen sich vor diesem Hintergrund für die Unternehmen und ihr Personalmanagement, insbesondere das Campus Recruiting, ableiten?Item Open Access Architectural model for muscle growth during maturation(2021) Papenkort, Stefan; Böl, Markus; Siebert, TobiasMuscle architecture, which includes parameters like fascicle length, pennation angle, and physiological cross-sectional area, strongly influences skeletal muscles' mechanical properties. During maturation, the muscle architecture has to adapt to a growing organism. This study aimed to develop an architectural model capable of predicting the complete 3D fascicle architecture for primarily unipennate muscles of an arbitrary age, based on fascicle data for an initial age. For model development, we collected novel data on 3D muscle architecture of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) M. plantaris of eight animals ranging in age from 29 to 106 days. Experimental results show that plantaris muscle belly length increases by 73%, whereas mean fascicle length and mean pennation angle increases by 39 and 14%, respectively. Those changes were incorporated into the model. In addition to the data collected for M. plantaris the predictions of the model were compared to existing literature data of rabbit M. soleus and M. gastrocnemius medialis. With an error of -1.0 ± 8.6% for relative differences in aponeurosis length, aponeurosis width, muscle height, and muscle mass, the model delivered good results matching interindividual differences. For future studies, the model could be utilized to generate realistic architectural data sets for simulation studies.Item Open Access Assessing basic and higher-level psychological needs satisfied through physical activity(2023) Dunton, Genevieve F.; Do, Bridgette; Crosley-Lyons, Rachel; Naya, Christine H.; Hewus, Micaela; Kanning, MartinaItem Open Access Assessing the well-being of residents in nursing facilities : translation and validation of the German version of the Laurens Well-being Inventory for Gerontopsychiatry (LWIG-GER)(2021) Schott, Nadja; Johnen, Bettina; Klotzbier, Thomas J.Well-adapted and validated well-being (WB) instruments for the nursing home population are scarce. To our knowledge, the Laurens Well-Being Inventory for Gerontopsychiatry (LWIG) is a practical and reliable well-being assessment tool that has never been validated for German nursing home populations. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to (1) translate and crossculturally adapt the LWIG to a German context and (2) test the reliability and validity of the German LWIG in a group of older nursing home residents using the Raschmodel. Methods. This study has a cross-sectional, descriptive study design. Cross-cultural adaption of the LWIG-GER from English to German was performed according to a standardized method. The data obtained from 104 long-term nursing home residents (57 women, 47 men) aged 60–99 years (mean 79.5, standard deviation ±9.11) were analyzed for psychometric testing (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, item fit, McDonald’s ω, convergent validity, and known-group validity, Rasch). Results. The final LWIG-GER consists of 19 items with three subscales, including “psychologicalWB”, “socialWB”, and “physical WB”. The LWIG-GER showed good overall reliability with McDonald’s ω of 0.83; the LWIG-GER dimensions’ scores were significantly correlated with depression, functional performance, activities, fear of falling, and education. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the German language version of the LWIG is a reliable and valid tool for measuring WB in nursing home residents. Furthermore, we propose that the LWIG-GER questionnaire can broaden and deepen our understanding of residents’ perception of quality of care and their environment.Item Open Access Associations of motor performance and executive functions: comparing children with Down syndrome to chronological and mental age-matched controls(2022) Klotzbier, Thomas J.; Holfelder, Benjamin; Schott, NadjaBackground. Children with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit lower motor and cognitive performance than typically developing children (TD). Although there is a relationship between these two developmental domains, only a few studies have addressed this association in children with DS compared to groups of the same chronological age (CA) or mental age (MA) within one study. This study aimed to fill this research gap. Method and Procedures. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 and the Trail-Making Test was used to assess motor and cognitive performances in 12 children (M = 10.5 ± 10.08) with DS, 12 CA-matched, and 12 MA-matched controls. Results. There are significant group differences in the motor dimension (total test score; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.734), for processing speed (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.396), and cognitive flexibility (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.498). Between TD-CA and both other groups, the differences in the magnitude of correlations for the motor dimension balance are also significant (compared to DS: z = −2.489; p = 0.006, and to TD-MA: z = −3.12; p < 0.001). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the relationships depend on the studied cognitive and motor skills. It seems crucial to select a wide range of tasks for both domains that are as isolated as possible for future studies, to better understand the relationships between cognitive and motor skills in children with DS.Item Open Access Auf das Unternehmertum der Mitarbeiter setzen(1993) Reiß, MichaelUnternehmertum stellt eine der tragenden Säulen des derzeit forcierten Fitneß-Managements für Unternehmen dar. Zahlreiche Unternehmensberater und Wissenschaftler empfehlen gerade den unter Dinosauriersymptomen leidenden Konzernen, sich durch die Installation von "Entrepreneuring" oder "Intrapreneuring" zu revitalisieren.Item Open Access BeeLife : a mobile application to foster environmental awareness in classroom settings(2024) Stock, Adrian; Stock, Oliver; Mönch, Julia; Suren, Markus; Koch, Nadine Nicole; Rey, Günter Daniel; Wirzberger, MariaIntroduction: Significant threats to our environment tremendously affect biodiversity and related gains. Particularly wild bees actively contribute by pollinating plants and trees. Their increasing extinction comes with devastating consequences for nutrition and stability of our ecosystem. However, most people lack awareness about those species and their living conditions, preventing them to take on responsibility. Methods: We introduce an intervention consisting of a mobile app and related project workshops that foster responsibility already at an early stage in life. Drawing on principles from multimedia learning and child-centered design, six gamified levels and accompanying nature-based activities sensitize for the importance of wild bees and their role for a stable and diverse ecosystem. A pilot evaluation across three schools, involving 44 children aged between 9 and 12, included a pre-, post-, and delayed post-test to inspect app usability and learning gains. Results: Most children perceived the app as intuitive, engaging, and visually appealing, and sustainably benefited from our intervention in terms of retention performance. Teacher interviews following the intervention support the fit with the envisioned target group and the classroom setting. Discussion: Taken together, the obtained evidence emphasizes the benefits of our intervention, even though our sample size was limited due to dropouts. Future extensions might include adaptive instructional design elements to increase observable learning gains.Item Open Access Belonging and exclusion : the dark side of regional identity in Germany(2021) Hildebrandt, Achim; Trüdinger, Eva-MariaA collective regional identity is a favourable condition for the acceptance of majority decisions made at the regional level and for the delegation of competencies from the central to regional governments. Moreover, a regional identity can play an important role in times of global challenges. Regional attachment might generate a we-feeling and help individuals to cope better with a complex world. The same feeling, however, might also serve as a basis for exclusionary attitudes. In this article, we analyse regional identity at the Land level in Germany with data from the German General Social Survey. Our results show that regional identity is strong in both the eastern and western parts of the country, with people in the east, surprisingly, identifying with their respective Land slightly more than people in the west, even though the five eastern Länder were only established in 1990 after decades of centralist rule. Furthermore, the dark side of regional identity manifests itself only in eastern Germany, where a stronger regional identity tends to go hand in hand with a greater dislike of foreigners.Item Open Access Betriebswirtschaftliche Vergleichsformen(1989) Corsten, Hans; Reiß, MichaelBetriebswirtschaftliche Vergleiche leisten wertvolle Dienste bei der Ermittlung von Stärken und Schwächen einer Unternehmung. Um sie aufgabengerecht einsetzen zu können, ist es notwendig, die spezifischen Vor- und Nachteile dieser Vergleiche zu kennen. Eine gegenüberstellende Analyse der gängigen Vergleichsformen zeigt darüber hinaus, daß das Spektrum ökonomisch relevanter Vergleiche um einige Formen zu erweitern ist.Item Open Access Beyond lobbying : the political determinants of adopting corporate social responsibility frameworks in the European Union and the USA(2022) Bernhagen, Patrick; Kollman, Kelly; Patsiurko, NatalkaThis paper explores the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an element in a corporation’s political action repertoire. Previous research has studied lobbying and CSR as a distinct means by which corporations seek to manage their non-market environment. Analyzing CSR as a political activity, we argue that corporations engage in CSR for the same reasons that prompt them to engage in lobbying. More specifically, we expect corporations to adopt CSR frameworks that are suitable to enhance their reputation in a given political arena. To evaluate this argument, we analyze the lobbying and CSR behavior in the EU and USA of over 2000 corporations from around the world. Our results show that lobbying and adopting CSR frameworks can be predicted by similar empirical models. Moreover, controlling for common predictors and endogeneity, lobbying in the EU is associated with an increased likelihood of a corporation adopting an appropriate CSR framework. However, corporations that lobby in Washington DC become less likely to engage in CSR the more they spend on lobbying. These findings shed new light on the relationship between lobbying and CSR while highlighting important differences in corporate non-market behavior across political arenas.